EDV-Vermessung von Ekg-Kurven bei Telemetrieversuchen

Die EDV-Vermessung von Ekg-Kurven während Belastung wird bei Telemetrieversuchen erprobt. Es werden Störspannungen analysiert und Rechenverfahren zur Störbefreiung untersucht. Ein Verfahren zur sicheren Erkennung des QRS-Komplexes wird beschxieben. Möglichkeiten zur Bestimmung der Bezugslinie werden erläutert. Ein Vergleich zwischen manuell und automatisch bestimmten Ekg-Strecken wird durchgeführt.

The automatic measurement of electrocardiograms by a digital computer during exercise in telemetric experiments is tested. The noise content in the ECG is analysed and different statistical methods for diminishing the noise content are applied. Possibilities for the evaluation of the base line are discussed. The automatically and manually evaluated electrocardiographic parameters are compared.

Schlüssel-Wörter

Computer-Analyse - EKG - Telemetrie

Key-Words

Computer Analysis - ECG - Telemetry

• Literaturverzeichnis

• 1 Abraham S, Calatayud J. B, Gormann P. A, Caceres C. A. Applications of statistical techniques in analysis of electrocardiography. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sei 134 1966; 573-584.
• 2 Adey W. R, Kado R. T, Walter D. D. Computer analysis of EEG data from Gemini flight GT-7. Aerospace Med 3S 1967; 345-359.
• 3 Alexander D. C, Wortzman D. Computer diagnosis of electrocardiograms. I. Equipment. Comput. biomed. Res 01 1968; 348-365.
• 4 Arvedson O. Methods for data acquisition and evaluation of electrocardiograms and vectorcardiograms with the digital computer. University of Umeâ/Schweden; 1968
• 5 Barnet A. B, Lodge A. Diagnosis of deafness in infants with the use of computer-averaged electroencephalographic responses. J. Pediat 69 1966; 753-758.
• 6 Bayer A. Möglichkeiten der Elektrokardiographie am laufenden Tier. Berl. Münch, tierärztl. Wschr 79 1966; 49-52.
• 7 Beaumont J. O, Osborn J. J, Radke W. A, McClung D. H. Automatic calibration of on-line respiratory measurements. Vortrag 7. Internat. Biometr. Konf; Hannover: 1970
• 8 Becker J. C, Wallace J, Nelsen T. S. On-line generation of a joint interval histogram from slow rhythmic biological potentials. Med. biol. Engng 06 1968; 415-422.
• 9 Blomquist G. The Frank lead electrocardiogram: A quantitive study based on averaging technique and digital computer analysis. Acta med. scand 440 1965; 1-98.
• 10 Bodo J. Response averaging methods – their effectiveness and limitations. Staff Analyst, Ampex Corporation; Redwood City/California: 1969
• 11 Bonner R. E, Schwetman H. D. Computer diagnosis of electrocardiograms. II. A computer program for EKG measurement. Comput. biomed. Res 01 1968; 366-386.
• 12 Bonner R. E, Schwetman H. D. Computer diagnosis of electrocardiograms. III. A computer program for arrhythmia diagnosis. Comput. biomed. Res 01 1968; 387-407.
• 13 Brody D. A. Use of computers in electrophysiology. Circulat. Res 11 1962; 549-554.
• 14 Burch N. R, Nettleton W. J, Sweeney J, Edwards R. J. Period analysis of the electroencephalogram on a general-purpose digital computer. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sei 115 1964; 827-843.
• 15 Caceres C. A. How can the waveforms of a clinical electrocardiogram be measured by a computer?. IRE Trans, biomed. Electron 9 1962; 21-22.
• 16 Caceres C. A, Rosner S. W, Sherman D, Abraham S, Weihrer A. L. Concepts in electrocardiographic processing. Proceed. Sympos. Vectorcardiograph; 11.–13. 5. 1965 New York; Lippincott, New York: 1966
• 17 Caceres C. A, Steinberg C. A, Abraham S, Carberry W. J, McBride J. M, Tolles W. E, Rikli A. E. Computer extraction of electrocardiographic parameters. Circulation 25 1962; 356-362.
• 18 Caceres C. A, Steinberg C. A, Calatayud J. B, Dobrow J. R, Weihrer A. L. Computer aids in electrocardiography. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sei US 1964; 86-102.
• 19 Cady L. D, Woodbury M. A, Gertler M. M, Tick L. J. Mass screening of cardiograms. Amer. J. publ. Hlth 52 1962; 1872-1876.
• 20 Curran J. T, Gregor J. A practical system for foetal electrocardiogram analysis of computer. Proc. physiol. Soc 203 1969; 65-67.
• 21 Davies L. G. Observer variation in reports on electrocardiograms. Brit. Heart J 20 1958; 153-161.
• 22 Dawber T. R, Kannel W. B. Computers in epidemiologic research: Use in the Framingham study. Circulat. Res 11 1962; 587-589.
• 23 Dixon W. L. Biomedical Computer Programs. School of Medicine, University of California; Los Angels: 1965
• 24 Faerber B, Probst W. Automatische Versuchssteuerung und Versuchsauswertung mit dem IBM System 1130. IBM Nachr IS 1968; 126-131.
• 25 Favret A. G. Computer matched filter location of foetal R-waves. Med. biol. Engng 06 1968; 467-475.
• 26 Freimann A. H, Steinberg C. A. The analysis of simultaneously recorded cardiovascular data with the digital computer. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sei 115 1964; 1091-1105.
• 27 Gomboa R, Klingemann J. D, Pipberger H. V. Computer diagnosis of biventricular hypertrophy from the orthogonal electrocardiogram. Circulat 39 1969; 72-82.
• 28 Gerbarg D. S, Holcomb F. W, Hofler J. J. Analysis of phonocardiogram by a digital computer. Circulat. Res 11 1962; 569-576.
• 29 Gerbarg D. S, Taranta A, Spanguolo M. Computer analysis of phonocardiograms. Progr. cardiovasc. Dis 05 1963; 393-405.
• 30 Gestring G. F, Jantsch H. EEG-ComputeranalysG zur objektiven Registrierung der Reizantwort auf periphere elektrische Stimuli. Wien. klin. Wschr S1 1969; 83-86.
• 31 Halme A. J, Hyvarinen J. Use of ordinary general purpose computer for neuronal impulse interval measurement. Med. biol. Engng 06 1968; 563-565.
• 32 Hanley J. Chimpanzee performance: Computer analysis of electroencephalograms. Nature (Lond) 220 1968; 879-881.
• 33 Hochberg H, Crow D, Weihrer A. L, Calatayud J, McAllister J, Caceres C. A. Coronary care unit ECG monitoring by digital computer. Biomed. Sei. Instrument 05 1969; 93-97.
• 34 Hochberg H. M. Monitoring of EKGs in a coronary care imit by digital computer. J. Amer. med. Ass 202 1969; 2421-2424.
• 35 Hornsten T. R, Bruce R. A. Computed ST forces of Frank and bipolar exercise electrocardiograms. Amer. Heart J 7S 1969; 346-357.
• 36 Hyde C. M, Smith R. E. Requirements of a cpmputer analysis program. IBM Europe Education Centre; Blaricum/ Holland: 1965
• 37 Kendall M. G, Stuart A. The Advanced Theory of Statistics, Bd. 3. Griffin; London: 1966
• 38 Kimura E. Automatic interpretation of electrocardiograms by electronic computer. (Symposium on electronic computer in internal medicine, Nippon naika gakkai zasshi). J. Jap. Soc. internal med 57 1968; 1474-1478.
• 39 Koechlin R. Analog and digital ECG recording. Proc. Symp. “Vectorcardiography, 11.–13. 5. 1965. New York. Lippincott; Philadelphia: 1966
• 40 Mackay R, Stuart A. Biomedical Telemetry. Wiley; New York: 1970
• 41 Macy J. Analog-Digital Conversion Systems. In Stacy R. W, Waxman B. (Eds): Computers in Biomedical Research. Academic Press; New York: 1965
• 42 Macy J. Hybrid computer techniques for physiology. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sei 115 1965; 568-590.
• 43 Martinek J, Yeh G. C. K. Some new contributions to the mathematical theory of electrocardiography. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sei 65 1957; 1056-1059.
• 44 McHenry P. L, Stowe D. S, Lancaster M. C. Computer quantitation of the St-segment response during maximal treadmill exercise. Circulation 3S 1968; 691-701.
• 45 Mitchell B. A, Cady L. D. Hybrid computing techniques applied to EKG analysis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sei 12S 1966; 850-860.
• 46 Miyahara H, Whipple G. H. Cardiac arrythmia diagnosis by digital computer considerations related to temporal distribution of P and R waves. Comput. biomed. Res 01 1968; 277-300.
• 47 Mori H, Nagayama R, Oda T, Oshita K, Shibata T, Takeshita I, Tetsuo M, Ide T, Jau-Hong W, Kaicasone K, Hagihara S. Analog computer analysis of spatial vectorcardiogram: spatial magnitude velocity, and acceleration. Electrocardiography and its clinical applications. Jap. Circulat. J 32 1968; 149-160.
• 48 Noruma Y, Takaki Y, Toyama S. Automatic measurement of the electrocardiogram by digital computer. Jap. Circulat. J 30 1966; 21-28.
• 49 Okajima M, Stark L, Whipple G. H, Yasui S. Computer pattern recognition techniques: some results with real electrocardiographic data. IEEE Trans, biomed. Electron 10 1963; 106-115.
• 50 Patnaik P. B. The use of moan range as an estimator of variance in statistical tests. Biometrika 37 1950; 78-87.
• 51 Rautaharju P. M, Blackburn H. W. Extraction and analysis of data from noisy electrocardiograms made during performance of work. Circulation 30 Supl. Ill 1964; 143.
• 52 Pipberger H. V, Freis E. D. Automatische Analyse “kardiologischer Analog-Daten mittels elektronischer Rechenmaschinen. Med. Dok 04 1960; 58-61.
• 53 Pipberger H. V, Freis E. D, Taback L, Mason H. L. Preparation of electrocardiographic data for analysis by digital electronic computer. Circulation 21 1960; 413-418.
• 54 Pipberger H. V, Arms J. R, Stallmann F. W. Automatic screening of normal and abnormal electrocardiograms by means of a digital electronic computer. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 106 1961; 130-132.
• 55 Pipberger H. Y. Analysis of electrocardiograms by digital computer. Meth. Inform. Med 01 1962; 69-71.
• 56 Pipberger H. V, Bialek S. M, Perloff J. K, Schnaper H. W. Correlation of clinical information in the standard 12-lead ECG and in a corrected orthogonal 3-lead ECG. Amer. Heart J 61 1961; 34-43.
• 57 Pipberger H. V. Uss of computer in electrocardiogram interpretation. Circulat. Res 11 1962; 555-562.
• 58 Pipberger H. V, Stallmann F. W, Berson A. S. Automatic analysis of the P-QRS-T-complex of the electrocardiogram by digital computer. Arm. intern. Med 57 1962; 776-787.
• 59 Pipberger H. V, Stallmann F. W. Use of computers in ECG interpretation. Amer. Heart J 64 1962; 285-286.
• 60 Pipberger H. Y. Use of digital computers in analysing electrocardiographic data. Heart Bull 13 1964; 44-47.
• 61 Pipberger H. V. Display and analysis of electrocardiographic data. Amer. J. Cardiol 14 1964; 307-316.
• 62 Pipberger H. V, Stallmann F. W, Yano K, Draper H. W. Digital computer analysis of the normal and abnormal electrocardiogram. Progr. cardiovasc. Dis 05 1967; 378-392.
• 63 Pipers F. S, Hamlin R. L. Computer measurement of duration of phases of systole in dog. Amer. J. vet. Res 31 1970; 315-320.
• 64 Poggio G. F, Vierstein L. J. Time series analysis of impulse of thalamic somatic sensory neurons. J. Neurophysiol 27 1964; 517-545.
• 65 Pordy L, Jaffe H, Chesky K, Friedberg C. K. Computer analysis of electrocardiogram: a joint project. J. Mt. Sinai Hosp 34 1967; 69-88.
• 66 Pordy L. Computer diagnosis of ECGs. IV. A computer program for contour analysis with clinical results of rhythm and contour interpretation. Comput. biomed. Res 01 1968; 408-433.
• 67 Pryor T. A, Russel R, Budicin A, Price W. G. Electrocardiographic interpretation by computer. Comput. biomed. Res 02 1969; 537-548.
• 68 Rautaharju P, Blackburn H. The exercise electrocardiogram. Amer. Heart J 69 1965; 515-520.
• 69 Reinhard H-J. Bio-Telemetrie am Pferd mit automatischer Datenanalyse. Habilitationsschrift; Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover: 1971
• 70 Reinhard H-J, Zichner M. Die Auswertung telemetrisch gewonnener Belastungs-Elektrokardiogramme beim Pferd mit Hilfe einer elektronischen Rechenanlage. Dtsch. tierärztl. Wschr 77 1970; 211-217.
• 71 Riedl H. Probleme der automatischen Auswertung des EKG. Elektromedica 36 1968; 52-53.
• 72 Riedl H. Ein neues System der automatischen EKG-Auswertung. Elektromedica 3S 1970; 251-257.
• 73 Rikli A. E, Tolles W. E, Steinberg C. A, Carbery W. J, Freimann A. H, Abraham S, Caceres C. A. Computer analysis of electrocardiographic measurement. Circulation 24 1961; 643-649.
• 74 Rosner S. W, Leinbach R. C, Presto A. J, Jackson L. K, Weiilrer A. L, Caceres C. A. Computer analysis of the exercise electrocardiogram. Amer. J. Cardiol 20 1967; 356-362.
• 75 Shapiro H, Simonson E, Cady L. D. Electrocardiographic correlations in normal patients. Amer. J. med. Electron 03 1964; 41-46.
• 76 Sheffield L. T, Holt J. H, Lester F. M, Conroy D. V, Reeves T. J. On-line analysis of the exercise electrocardiogram. Circulation 40 1969; 935-944.
• 77 Shubin H, Weil M. H, Rockwell M. A. Automated measurement of cardiac output in patients by use of a digital computer. Med. biol. Engng 05 1967; 353-360.
• 78 Smith R. E, Heyde C. M. Data aquisition in the Mayo clinic electrocardiographic laboratory. Proc. Seminar Computer Applications in Cardiology. IBM European Education Centre; Blaricum/Holland: 1965
• 79 Stark L, Okajima M, Whipple G. H. Computer pattern recognition techniques: Electrocardiographic diagnosis. Comm. ACM 05 1962; 527-532.
• 80 Steinberg C. A, Abraham S, Caceres C. A. Pattern recognition in the clinical electrocardiogram. IRE Trans, biomed. Electron 06 1962; 23-30
• 81 Wartak J. Computer-aided recognition of electrocardiograms. Acta cardiol 22 1967; 350-361.
• 82 Waetae J. Computed electrocardiographic pattern diagnosis. Acta. med. pol S 1967; 467-475.
• 83 Weihrer A. L, Dobhow R, Caceres C. A. Automatic Pattern Recognition of Physiological Signals by Computers. (Proc. 16th. Ann. Conf. Engineering Med. Biol., Baltimore; 1963
• 84 Weil M. H, Shubin H, Rand W. Experience with a digital computer for study and improved management of the critically ill. J. Amer. med. Ass 19S 1966; 1011-1016.
• 85 Wilson P. N. Recommendations for standardisation of electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic leads. Circulation 10 1954; 564-573.
• 86 Winter D. A, Rautaharju P. M, Wolf H. K. Measurement and characteristics of over-all noise content in exercise electrocardiograms. Amer. Heart J 74 1967; 324-331.
• 87 Winter D. A, Tenholm B. G. Reliable triggering for exercise electrocardiograms. IEEE Trans bio.-med. Engng 16 1969; 75-79.
• 88 Yasui S, Whipple G. H, Stark L. Comparison of human and computer electrocardiographic wave-form. Classification and Identification. Amer. Heart J 68 1964; 236-243.
• 89 Yokoi M, Watanabe Y, Okamoto N, Yasui S, Mizttno Y. On-line computer diagnosis of arrhythmias on ECG by using small digital computer systems. Jap. Circulat. J 33 1967; 129-138.
• 90 Young T. Y, Huggins W. H. On the Representation of Electrocardiograms. IEEE Trans, bio.-med. Engng 10 1963; 86-95.
• 91 Young T. Y, Huggins W. H. Computer analysis of electrocardiograms. Using a linear regression technique. IEEE Trans, bio.-med. Engng 11 1963; 60-67.