Download PDF
Facial Plast Surg 2017; 33(06): 581-590
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1608712
Original Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Complications of Facial Trauma of the Fronto-orbital Region

Patrick W. Cleveland
1   Department of Otolaryngology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
,
Jesse Ellis Smith
2   Department of Otolaryngology, Fort Worth, Texas
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
01 December 2017 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Traumatic injuries to the orbitofrontal region place some of the most important structures of the face at risk: the eyes, frontal skull, and brain. A thorough knowledge of complications from resultant trauma, and from attempted surgical corrections, is necessary to offer patients the best outcomes, ensuring proper healing with excellent long-term results.

Keywords

orbital - frontal sinus - complications - frontal sinus fractures - orbital fractures
 

  • References

  • 1 Ghavami A, Pessa JE, Janis J, Khosla R, Reece EM, Rohrich RJ. The orbicularis retaining ligament of the medial orbit: closing the circle. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 121 (03) 994-1001
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Gerbino G, Ramieri GA, Nasi A. Diagnosis and treatment of retrobulbar haematomas following blunt orbital trauma: a description of eight cases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005; 34 (02) 127-131
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Chen YA, Singhal D, Chen YR, Chen CT. Management of acute traumatic retrobulbar haematomas: a 10-year retrospective review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2012; 65 (10) 1325-1330
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Hislop WS, Dutton GN, Douglas PS. Treatment of retrobulbar haemorrhage in accident and emergency departments. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996; 34 (04) 289-292
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Maurer P, Conrad-Hengerer I, Hollstein S, Mizziani T, Hoffmann E, Hengerer F. Orbital haemorrhage associated with orbital fractures in geriatric patients on antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 42 (12) 1510-1514
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Voss JO, Hartwig S, Doll C, Hoffmeister B, Raguse JD, Adolphs N. The “tight orbit”: incidence and management of the orbital compartment syndrome. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2016; 44 (08) 1008-1014
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Trento GdosS, Moura LB, de Oliveira Gorla LF, Filho VA. The importance of early diagnosis of retrobulbar hemorrhage. J Craniofac Surg 2016; 27 (06) e581-e583
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Ahnood D, Toft PB. Recurrent orbital compartment syndrome caused by a blow-out fracture and accumulation of air; management by orbital punctures. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90 (02) 199-200
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Lima V, Burt B, Leibovitch I, Prabhakaran V, Goldberg RA, Selva D. Orbital compartment syndrome: the ophthalmic surgical emergency. Surv Ophthalmol 2009; 54 (04) 441-449
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Hunts JH, Patrinely JR, Holds JB, Anderson RL. Orbital emphysema. Staging and acute management. Ophthalmology 1994; 101 (05) 960-966
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Sugamata A, Yoshizawa N, Shimanaka K. Timing of operation for blowout fractures with extraocular muscle entrapment. J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2013; 47 (06) 454-457
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Yano H, Suzuki Y, Yoshimoto H, Mimasu R, Hirano A. Linear-type orbital floor fracture with or without muscle involvement. J Craniofac Surg 2010; 21 (04) 1072-1078
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Lelli Jr GJ, Milite J, Maher E. Orbital floor fractures: evaluation, indications, approach, and pearls from an ophthalmologist's perspective. Facial Plast Surg 2007; 23 (03) 190-199
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Wachler BS, Holds JB. The missing muscle syndrome in blowout fractures: an indication for urgent surgery. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 14 (01) 17-18
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Reddy SS, Landry JP, Douglass K, Venugopalan PP. A case of ocular cardiac reflex in a child with blunt ocular trauma. BMJ Case Rep 2014;2014:bcr2014206246
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Merali FI, Grant MP, Mahoney NR. Orbital floor fracture with atypical extraocular muscle entrapment pattern and intraoperative asystole in an adult. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2015; 8 (04) 370-374
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Broyles JM, Jones D, Bellamy J. , et al. Pediatric orbital floor fractures: outcome analysis of 72 children with orbital floor fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 136 (04) 822-828
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Cohen SM, Garrett CG. Pediatric orbital floor fractures: nausea/vomiting as signs of entrapment. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003; 129 (01) 43-47
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Burnstine MA. Clinical recommendations for repair of isolated orbital floor fractures: an evidence-based analysis. Ophthalmology 2002; 109 (07) 1207-1210 , discussion 1210–1211, quiz 1212–1213
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Hawes MJ, Dortzbach RK. Surgery on orbital floor fractures. Influence of time of repair and fracture size. Ophthalmology 1983; 90 (09) 1066-1070
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Damgaard OE, Larsen CG, Felding UA, Toft PB, von Buchwald C. Surgical timing of the orbital “blowout” fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 155 (03) 387-390
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Tengtrisorn S, McNab AA, Elder JE. Persistent infra-orbital nerve hyperaesthesia after blunt orbital trauma. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1998; 26 (03) 259-260
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Boush GA, Lemke BN. Progressive infraorbital nerve hypesthesia as a primary indication for blow-out fracture repair. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1994; 10 (04) 271-275
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Apkarian AO, Hervey-Jumper SL, Trobe JD. Cerebrospinal fluid leak presenting as oculorrhea after blunt orbitocranial trauma. J Neuroophthalmol 2014; 34 (03) 271-273
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Borumandi F. Traumatic orbital CSF leak. BMJ Case Rep 2013;2013:bcr2013202216
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Pease M, Marquez Y, Tuchman A, Markarian A, Zada G. Diagnosis and surgical management of traumatic cerebrospinal fluid oculorrhea: case report and systematic review of the literature. J Neurol Surg Rep 2013; 74 (01) 57-66
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Reiss B, Rajjoub L, Mansour T, Chen T, Mumtaz A. Antibiotic prophylaxis in orbital fractures. Open Ophthalmol J 2017; 11: 11-16
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Mundinger GS, Borsuk DE, Okhah Z. , et al. Antibiotics and facial fractures: evidence-based recommendations compared with experience-based practice. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2015; 8 (01) 64-78
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Low L, Shah W, MacEwen CJ. Double vision. BMJ 2015; 351: h5385
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 al-Qurainy IA, Stassen LF, Dutton GN, Moos KF, el-Attar A. The characteristics of midfacial fractures and the association with ocular injury: a prospective study. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991; 29 (05) 291-301
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 al-Qurainy IA, Titterington DM, Dutton GN, Stassen LF, Moos KF, el-Attar A. Midfacial fractures and the eye: the development of a system for detecting patients at risk of eye injury. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991; 29 (06) 363-367
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 McGurk M. Blow-out fractures of the orbit and enophthalmos. In: Patel MF, Langdon JD. , eds. Operative Maxillofacial Surgery. London: Chapman & Hall Medical; 1998
    Google Scholar
  • 33 Stefko ST. Fractures of the orbit. In: Myers E, Carrau R. , eds. Operative Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier; 2008
    Google Scholar
  • 34 Baumann A, Ewers R. Use of the preseptal transconjunctival approach in orbit reconstruction surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001; 59 (03) 287-291 , discussion 291–292
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Giraddi GB, Syed MK. Preseptal transconjunctival vs. subciliary approach in treatment of infraorbital rim and floor fractures. Ann Maxillofac Surg 2012; 2 (02) 136-140
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Ridgway EB, Chen C, Lee BT. Acquired entropion associated with the transconjunctival incision for facial fracture management. J Craniofac Surg 2009; 20 (05) 1412-1415
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Zingg M, Chowdhury K, Lädrach K, Vuillemin T, Sutter F, Raveh J. Treatment of 813 zygoma-lateral orbital complex fractures. New aspects. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991; 117 (06) 611-620 , discussion 621–622
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Graham SM, Thomas RD, Carter KD, Nerad JA. The transcaruncular approach to the medial orbital wall. Laryngoscope 2002; 112 (06) 986-989
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Borad V, Lacey MS, Hamlar DD, Dresner HS, Yadava GK, Schubert W. Intraoperative imaging changes management in orbital fracture repair. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 75 (09) 1932-1940
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Zavattero E, Ramieri G, Roccia F, Gerbino G. Comparison of the outcomes of complex orbital fracture repair with and without a surgical navigation system: a prospective cohort study with historical controls. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017; 139 (04) 957-965
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Ellis III E. Orbital trauma. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2012; 24 (04) 629-648
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Pedemonte C, Sáez F, Vargas I, González LE, Canales M, Salazar K. Can customized implants correct enophthalmos and delayed diplopia in post-traumatic orbital deformities? A volumetric analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016; 45 (09) 1086-1094
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Bell RB, Markiewicz MR. Computer-assisted planning, stereolithographic modeling, and intraoperative navigation for complex orbital reconstruction: a descriptive study in a preliminary cohort. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009; 67 (12) 2559-2570
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Markiewicz MR, Dierks EJ, Bell RB. Does intraoperative navigation restore orbital dimensions in traumatic and post-ablative defects?. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2012; 40 (02) 142-148
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Wilde F, Schramm A. Intraoperative imaging in orbital and midface reconstruction. Facial Plast Surg 2014; 30 (05) 545-553
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Bittermann G, Metzger MC, Schlager S. , et al. Orbital reconstruction: prefabricated implants, data transfer, and revision surgery. Facial Plast Surg 2014; 30 (05) 554-560
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Whitaker LA, Yaremchuk MJ. Secondary reconstruction of posttraumatic orbital deformities. Ann Plast Surg 1990; 25 (06) 440-449
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Nunery WR, Tao JP, Johl S. Nylon foil “wraparound” repair of combined orbital floor and medial wall fractures. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 24 (04) 271-275
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Lee HB, Nunery WR. Orbital adherence syndrome secondary to titanium implant material. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 25 (01) 33-36
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Groessner-Schreiber B, Neubert A, Müller WD, Hopp M, Griepentrog M, Lange KP. Fibroblast growth on surface-modified dental implants: an in vitro study. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003; 64 (04) 591-599
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Busuttil SJ, Drumm C, Plow EF. In vivo comparison of the inflammatory response induced by different vascular biomaterials. Vascular 2005; 13 (04) 230-235
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Katou F, Ohtani H, Nagura H, Motegi K. Procollagen-positive fibroblasts predominantly express fibrogenic growth factors and their receptors in human encapsulation process against foreign body. J Pathol 1998; 186 (02) 201-208
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Lee GH, Ho SY. Orbital adherence syndrome following the use of titanium precontoured orbital mesh for the reconstruction of posttraumatic orbital floor defects. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2017; 10 (01) 77-83
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Soll DB, Poley BJ. Trapdoor variety of blowout fracture of the orbital floor. Am J Ophthalmol 1965; 60: 269-272
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 de Man K, Wijngaarde R, Hes J, de Jong PT. Influence of age on the management of blow-out fractures of the orbital floor. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991; 20 (06) 330-336
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Jordan DR, Allen LH, White J, Harvey J, Pashby R, Esmaeli B. Intervention within days for some orbital floor fractures: the white-eyed blowout. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 14 (06) 379-390
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Wallis A, Donald PJ. Frontal sinus fractures: a review of 72 cases. Laryngoscope 1988; 98 (6 Pt 1): 593-598
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Eljamel MS, Foy PM. Acute traumatic CSF fistulae: the risk of intracranial infection. Br J Neurosurg 1990; 4 (05) 381-385
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Eljamel MS, Foy PM. Post-traumatic CSF fistulae, the case for surgical repair. Br J Neurosurg 1990; 4 (06) 479-483
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Lewin W. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea in closed head injuries. Br J Surg 1954; 42 (171) 1-18
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Baker NJ, Evans BT, Lang DA. Craniofacial and frontal sinus fractures. In: Eppley BL, Schmelzeisen R, Booth PW. , eds. Maxillofacial Trauma and Esthetic Facial Reconstruction. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier/Saunders; 2012
    Google Scholar
  • 62 Dalla Torre D, Burtscher D, Kloss-Brandstätter A, Rasse M, Kloss F. Management of frontal sinus fractures--treatment decision based on metric dislocation extent. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2014; 42 (07) 1515-1519
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Cai SS, Mossop C, Diaconu SC. , et al. The “crumple zone” hypothesis: Association of frontal sinus volume and cerebral injury after craniofacial trauma. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2017; 45 (07) 1094-1098
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Gruss JS, Pollock RA, Phillips JH, Antonyshyn O. Combined injuries of the cranium and face. Br J Plast Surg 1989; 42 (04) 385-398
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Chouake RJ, Miles BA. Current opinion in otolaryngology and head and neck surgery: frontal sinus fractures. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 25 (04) 326-331
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Freeman JL, Winston KR. Breach of posterior wall of frontal sinus: management with preservation of the sinus. World Neurosurg 2015; 83 (06) 1080-1089
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Choi M, Li Y, Shapiro SA, Havlik RJ, Flores RL. A 10-year review of frontal sinus fractures: clinical outcomes of conservative management of posterior table fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012; 130 (02) 399-406
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Sharma P, Sharma S, Gupta N, Kochar P, Kumar Y. Pott puffy tumor. Proc Bayl Univ Med Cent 2017; 30 (02) 179-181
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 EuDaly M, Kraus CK. Frontal mucocele following previous facial trauma with hardware reconstruction. Case Rep Emerg Med 2016; 20 (16) 4236421
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Rosado P, de Vicente JC, Villalaín L, Fernández S, Peña I. Posttraumatic frontal mucocele. J Craniofac Surg 2011; 22 (04) 1537-1539
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Mosimann PJ, Pasche P, Dehdashti AR. Complete loss of vision caused by a giant mucocele of the frontal sinus. J Craniofac Surg 2011; 22 (04) 1533-1535
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Koudstaal MJ, van der Wal KG, Bijvoet HW, Vincent AJ, Poublon RM. Post-trauma mucocele formation in the frontal sinus; a rationale of follow-up. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004; 33 (08) 751-754
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Bordley JE, Bosley WR. Mucoceles of the frontal sinus: causes and treatment. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1973; 82 (05) 696-702
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Constantinidis J, Steinhart H, Schwerdtfeger K, Zenk J, Iro H. Therapy of invasive mucoceles of the frontal sinus. Rhinology 2001; 39 (01) 33-38
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Gerbino G, Roccia F, Benech A, Caldarelli C. Analysis of 158 frontal sinus fractures: current surgical management and complications. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2000; 28 (03) 133-139
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Smith TL, Han JK, Loehrl TA, Rhee JS. Endoscopic management of the frontal recess in frontal sinus fractures: a shift in the paradigm?. Laryngoscope 2002; 112 (05) 784-790
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Koento T. Current advances in sinus preservation for the management of frontal sinus fractures. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012; 20 (04) 274-279
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Donath A, Sindwani R. Frontal sinus cranialization using the pericranial flap: an added layer of protection. Laryngoscope 2006; 116 (09) 1585-1588
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Kanowitz SJ, Batra PS, Citardi MJ. Comprehensive management of failed frontal sinus obliteration. Am J Rhinol 2008; 22 (03) 263-270
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Bush K, Huikeshoven M, Wong N. Nasofrontal outflow tract visibility in computed tomography imaging of frontal sinus fractures. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2013; 6 (04) 237-240
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Carter Jr KB, Poetker DM, Rhee JS. Sinus preservation management for frontal sinus fractures in the endoscopic sinus surgery era: a systematic review. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2010; 3 (03) 141-149
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Jafari A, Nuyen BA, Salinas CR, Smith AM, DeConde AS. Spontaneous ventilation of the frontal sinus after fractures involving the frontal recess. Am J Otolaryngol 2015; 36 (06) 837-842
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Xie C, Mehendale N, Barrett D, Bui CJ, Metzinger SE. 30-year retrospective review of frontal sinus fractures: The Charity Hospital experience. J Craniomaxillofac Trauma 2000; 6 (01) 7-15 , discussion 16–18
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Weathers WM, Wolfswinkel EM, Hatef DA, Lee EI, Brown RH, Hollier Jr LH. Frontal sinus fractures: a conservative shift. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2013; 6 (03) 155-160
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Ung F, Sindwani R, Metson R. Endoscopic frontal sinus obliteration: a new technique for the treatment of chronic frontal sinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005; 133 (04) 551-555
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Islamoglu K, Coskunfirat OK, Tetik G, Ozgentas HE. Complications and removal rates of miniplates and screws used for maxillofacial fractures. Ann Plast Surg 2002; 48 (03) 265-268
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Tiwari P, Higuera S, Thornton J, Hollier LH. The management of frontal sinus fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005; 63 (09) 1354-1360
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Chen DJ, Chen CT, Chen YR, Feng GM. Endoscopically assisted repair of frontal sinus fracture. J Trauma 2003; 55 (02) 378-382
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Delaney SW. Treatment strategies for frontal sinus anterior table fractures and contour deformities. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2016; 69 (08) 1037-1045
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar