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Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 39(01): 056-063
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1606217
Review Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Airway Inflammation and Inflammatory Biomarkers

Hui Fang Lim
1   Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
,
Parameswaran Nair
2   Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
10 February 2018 (online)

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Abstract

Severe asthma is a complex disease consisting of different endotypes with different inflammatory and clinicopathological characteristics due to the heterogeneity of immune responses and smooth muscle dysfunction. There is an unmet clinical need to develop and to validate biomarkers that can differentiate between the asthma endotypes and guide clinical management, particularly since the availability of biologicals directed against T2 cytokines. The presence of a “Th2 endotype” is currently assessed in clinical practice using markers, such as eosinophil count in sputum or blood, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide, and immunoglobulin E. Individually or in combination, they may help to identify, for example, if the dominant effector protein is interleukin (IL) 5, IL13, or IgE. There is no reliable marker of a “non-Th2 endotype” although sputum neutrophil may provide some indication. The unbiased systems biology approach to severe asthma endotyping which integrates omics signatures and clinical data using large cohort studies may provide more comprehensive information than simple cellular measurements. Novel imaging techniques, such as hyperpolarized noble gas magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography parametric response maps and metabolomics profiling in breath and other body fluids are also being evaluated as potential biomarkers to guide therapy and to assess prognosis.

Keywords

airway inflammation - biomarker - biologics - asthma endotypes - sputum eosinophil

Acknowledgment

Dr. Nair is supported by the Frederick E Hargreave Teva Innovation Chair in Airway Diseases.


 

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