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Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 38(04): 404-416
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1603087
Review Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Etiology and Immunopathogenesis of Sarcoidosis: Novel Insights

Els Beijer
1   Department of Pulmonology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
,
Marcel Veltkamp
1   Department of Pulmonology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
2   Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
,
Bob Meek
3   Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
,
David Robert Moller
4   Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
27 July 2017 (online)

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Abstract

Sarcoidosis is a disorder of unknown etiology. It is a systemic disease, frequently involving the lungs, skin, eyes, and lymph nodes. It is characterized by formation of noncaseating granulomas at the site(s) of disease. Sarcoidosis has a complex disease pathogenesis, with involvement of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Several innate immune system receptors including NOD-like receptors and Toll-like receptors appear to be involved in the development of sarcoidosis as well as cellular players such as dendritic cells and macrophages. Furthermore, lymphocytes from the adaptive immune system including Th1, Th17, regulatory T cells, and B cells are likely to play a role in the sarcoidosis disease pathogenesis as well. Possibly, genetic susceptibility and exposure to particular etiologic agents including mycobacterial and propionibacterial antigens, metals, and silica can cause sarcoidosis. Besides exogenous triggers, also self-compounds such as serum amyloid A and vimentin, have been found to play a role in the development of sarcoidosis. It is likely that sarcoidosis does not have one single cause but rather is the result of the interplay between different etiologic agents and the immune system in predisposed individuals.

Keywords

sarcoidosis - pathogenesis - immune system - mycobacteria - P. acnes - metals - silica - vimentin - serum amyloid A
 

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