Download PDF
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37(03): 421-440
DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1582013
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Many Faces of Bronchiolitis and Organizing Pneumonia

Jean-François Cordier
1   Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Pulmonary Diseases, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Lyon, France
,
Vincent Cottin
1   Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Pulmonary Diseases, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Lyon, France
,
Romain Lazor
1   Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Pulmonary Diseases, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Lyon, France
2   Interstitial and Rare Lung Diseases Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
,
Françoise Thivolet-Béjui
3   Department of Pathology, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Lyon, France
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
27 May 2016 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

As the bronchioles have a strategic position between the airways and the alveolar structures, they are at a site where disorders of many origins may develop, including infections, inflammatory and/or fibrosing processes of immune, occupational, environmental, tumoral, and iatrogenic origin, which may result in predominant bronchiolitis and/or organizing pneumonia. This etiologic variety results in many distinct entities and syndromes, common or rare, with new or renewed faces such as bronchiolocentric interstitial pneumonia or organizing pneumonia primed by radiation to the breast.

Keywords

bronchiolitis - postinfectious bronchiolitis - bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after transplantation - organizing pneumonia - bronchiolocentric interstitial pneumonia
 

  • References

  • 1 Allen TC. Pathology of small airways disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010; 134 (5) 702-718
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Reynaud AC. Mémoire sur l'oblitération des bronches. Mem Acad Med Paris 1835; 4: 117-167
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Lange W. Ueber eine eigenthümliche Erkrankung der kleinen Bronchien und Bronchiolen. (Bronchitis et Bronchiditis obliterans). Dtsch Arch Klin Med 1901; 70: 342-364
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Fraenkel A. Ueber bronchiolitis fibrosa obliterans, nebst Bemerkungen über Lungenhyperämie une indurirende Pneumonie. Dtsch Arch Klin Med 1902; 73: 484-510
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Hansell DM, Bankier AA, MacMahon H, McLoud TC, Müller NL, Remy J. Fleischner Society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology 2008; 246 (3) 697-722
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Rossi SE, Franquet T, Volpacchio M, Giménez A, Aguilar G. Tree-in-bud pattern at thin-section CT of the lungs: radiologic-pathologic overview. Radiographics 2005; 25 (3) 789-801
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Edwards RM, Kicska G, Schmidt R, Pipavath SN. Imaging of small airways and emphysema. Clin Chest Med 2015; 36 (2) 335-347 , x
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Kligerman SJ, Henry T, Lin CT, Franks TJ, Galvin JR. Mosaic attenuation: etiology, methods of differentiation, and pitfalls. Radiographics 2015; 35 (5) 1360-1380
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Li Q, Fan X, Huang XT , et al. Tree-in-bud pattern in central lung cancer: CT findings and pathologic correlation. Lung Cancer 2015; 88 (3) 260-266
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Manganaris C, Wittlin S, Xu H, Gurell M, Sime P, Kottmann RM. Metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma and severe airflow obstruction. Chest 2010; 138 (3) 738-742
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Tack D, Nollevaux MC, Gevenois PA. Tree-in-bud pattern in neoplastic pulmonary emboli. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 176 (6) 1421-1422
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Li Ng Y, Hwang D, Patsios D, Weisbrod G. Tree-in-bud pattern on thoracic CT due to pulmonary intravascular metastases from pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Imaging 2009; 24 (2) 150-151
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Colin GC, Dewael S, Laterre E, Coche E. Pulmonary metastasis of uterine leiomyosarcoma presenting as centrilobular nodules with “tree-in-bud” pattern. Diagn Interv Imaging 2013; 94 (11) 1141-1143
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Peixoto LS, Valiante PM, Rodrigues RS, Barreto MM, Zanetti G, Marchiori E. An unusual cause of tree-in-bud pattern: pulmonary intravascular tumor embolism caused by chondrosarcoma. Lung 2015; 193 (1) 151-153
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 von Herbay A, Illes A, Waldherr R, Otto HF ; von HA. Pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy with pulmonary hypertension. Cancer 1990; 66 (3) 587-592
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Franquet T, Giménez A, Prats R, Rodríguez-Arias JM, Rodríguez C. Thrombotic microangiopathy of pulmonary tumors: a vascular cause of tree-in-bud pattern on CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002; 179 (4) 897-899
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Guimarães MD, Almeida MF, Brelinger A, Barbosa PN, Chojniak R, Gross JL. Diffuse bronchiolitis pattern on a computed tomography scan as a presentation of pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy: a case report. J Med Case Reports 2011; 5: 575
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Bosmans S, Weynand B, Coche E. Pulmonary metastatic microangiopathy of colon cancer presenting as a “tree in bud” pattern. Br J Radiol 2008; 81 (961) e11-e12
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Ho AL, Szulakowski P, Mohamid WH. The diagnostic challenge of pulmonary tumour thrombotic microangiopathy as a presentation for metastatic gastric cancer: a case report and review of the literature. BMC Cancer 2015; 15: 450
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Moon JW, Lee HY, Han J, Lee KS. Tree-in-bud sign as a manifestation of localized pulmonary lymphatic metastasis from a pancreas cancer. Intern Med 2011; 50 (24) 3027-3029
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Singer JP, Jones K, Lazarus SC. Bronchiolitis and other intrathoracic airway disorders. In: Broaddus VC, Mason RJ, Ernst JD, , et al, eds. Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016: 897-911
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Meissner HC. Viral bronchiolitis in children. N Engl J Med 2016; 374 (1) 62-72
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Teshome G, Gattu R, Brown R. Acute bronchiolitis. Pediatr Clin North Am 2013; 60 (5) 1019-1034
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Cullinan P, Bush A. Growing old(er) with postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans. Thorax 2015; 70 (2) 103-104
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Colom AJ, Maffey A, Garcia Bournissen F, Teper A. Pulmonary function of a paediatric cohort of patients with postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans. A long term follow-up. Thorax 2015; 70 (2) 169-174
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Kim CK, Kim SW, Kim JS , et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans in the 1990s in Korea and the United States. Chest 2001; 120 (4) 1101-1106
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Yusen RD, Edwards LB, Kucheryavaya AY , et al; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. The registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: thirty-first adult lung and heart-lung transplant report—2014; focus theme: retransplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2014; 33 (10) 1009-1024
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Meyer KC, Raghu G, Verleden GM , et al; ISHLT/ATS/ERS BOS Task Force Committee; ISHLT/ATS/ERS BOS Task Force Committee. An international ISHLT/ATS/ERS clinical practice guideline: diagnosis and management of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Eur Respir J 2014; 44 (6) 1479-1503
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Verleden GM, Raghu G, Meyer KC, Glanville AR, Corris P. A new classification system for chronic lung allograft dysfunction. J Heart Lung Transplant 2014; 33 (2) 127-133
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Verleden SE, Ruttens D, Vandermeulen E , et al. Restrictive chronic lung allograft dysfunction: Where are we now?. J Heart Lung Transplant 2015; 34 (5) 625-630
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Ofek E, Sato M, Saito T , et al. Restrictive allograft syndrome post lung transplantation is characterized by pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis. Mod Pathol 2013; 26 (3) 350-356
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Paraskeva M, McLean C, Ellis S , et al. Acute fibrinoid organizing pneumonia after lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187 (12) 1360-1368
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Jonigk D, Izykowski N, Rische J , et al. Molecular profiling in lung biopsies of human pulmonary allografts to predict chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Am J Pathol 2015; 185 (12) 3178-3188
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Claustre J, Quétant S, Camara B , et al; Grenoble Lung Transplantation group. Nonspecific immunoglobulin replacement in lung transplantation recipients with hypogammaglobulinemia: a cohort study taking into account propensity score and immortal time bias. Transplantation 2015; 99 (2) 444-450
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Chambers DC, Davies B, Mathews A, Yerkovich ST, Hopkins PM. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, hypogammaglobulinemia, and infectious complications of lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2013; 32 (1) 36-43
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Goldfarb NS, Avery RK, Goormastic M , et al. Hypogammaglobulinemia in lung transplant recipients. Transplantation 2001; 71 (2) 242-246
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Barker AF, Bergeron A, Rom WN, Hertz MI. Obliterative bronchiolitis. N Engl J Med 2014; 370 (19) 1820-1828
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Kuranishi LT, Leslie KO, Ferreira RG , et al. Airway-centered interstitial fibrosis: etiology, clinical findings and prognosis. Respir Res 2015; 16: 55
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Bergeron A, Godet C, Chevret S , et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after allogeneic hematopoietic SCT: phenotypes and prognosis. Bone Marrow Transplant 2013; 48 (6) 819-824
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Bergeron A, Chevret S, Chagnon K , et al. Budesonide/Formoterol for bronchiolitis obliterans after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191 (11) 1242-1249
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Yang JY, Oh SY, Song JW , et al. Restrictive chronic lung function decline after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Eur Respir J 2016; 47 (1) 336-339
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Shaw M, Collins BF, Ho LA, Raghu G. Rheumatoid arthritis-associated lung disease. Eur Respir Rev 2015; 24 (135) 1-16
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Devouassoux G, Cottin V, Lioté H , et al; Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladies “Orphelines” Pulmonaires (GERM“O”P). Characterisation of severe obliterative bronchiolitis in rheumatoid arthritis. Eur Respir J 2009; 33 (5) 1053-1061
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Kreider M, Highland K. Pulmonary involvement in Sjögren syndrome. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 35 (2) 255-264
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Borie R, Schneider S, Debray MP , et al. Severe chronic bronchiolitis as the presenting feature of primary Sjögren's syndrome. Respir Med 2011; 105 (1) 130-136
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Papanikolaou I, Kagouridis K, Papiris SA. Patterns of airway involvement in inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2014; 5 (4) 560-569
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Casey MB, Tazelaar HD, Myers JL , et al. Noninfectious lung pathology in patients with Crohn's disease. Am J Surg Pathol 2003; 27 (2) 213-219
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Black H, Mendoza M, Murin S. Thoracic manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Chest 2007; 131 (2) 524-532
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Camus P, Piard F, Ashcroft T, Gal AA, Colby TV. The lung in inflammatory bowel disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 1993; 72 (3) 151-183
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Edwards C, Williams A, Asquith P. Bronchopulmonary disease in coeliac patients. J Clin Pathol 1985; 38 (4) 361-367
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Cummings KJ, Kreiss K. Occupational and environmental bronchiolar disorders. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 36 (3) 366-378
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Kreiss K, Gomaa A, Kullman G, Fedan K, Simoes EJ, Enright PL. Clinical bronchiolitis obliterans in workers at a microwave-popcorn plant. N Engl J Med 2002; 347 (5) 330-338
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 King MS, Eisenberg R, Newman JH , et al. Constrictive bronchiolitis in soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. N Engl J Med 2011; 365 (3) 222-230
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Yousem SA, Colby TV, Carrington CB. Follicular bronchitis/bronchiolitis. Hum Pathol 1985; 16 (7) 700-706
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Katzenstein A-LA. Katzenstein and Askin's Surgical Pathology of Non-Neoplastic Lung Disease: Major Problems in Pathology. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2006
    Google Scholar
  • 56 Tashtoush B, Okafor NC, Ramirez JF, Smolley L. Follicular bronchiolitis: a literature review. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9 (9) OE01-OE05
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Stolagiewicz N, Tinwel B, Cormack IS , et al. Spontaneous pneumothorax in a 50-year-old man with diffuse pulmonary nodules. Chest 2013; 143 (4) 1174-1179
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Shipe R, Lawrence J, Green J, Enfield K. HIV-associated follicular bronchiolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188 (4) 510-511
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Theron S, Goussard P. Follicular bronchiolitis in an HIV-positive child. Pediatr Radiol 2008; 38 (9) 1031
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Exley CM, Suvarna SK, Matthews S. Follicular bronchiolitis as a presentation of HIV. Clin Radiol 2006; 61 (8) 710-713
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Niewoehner DE, Kleinerman J, Rice DB. Pathologic changes in the peripheral airways of young cigarette smokers. N Engl J Med 1974; 291 (15) 755-758
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Myers JL, Veal Jr CF, Shin MS, Katzenstein AL. Respiratory bronchiolitis causing interstitial lung disease. A clinicopathologic study of six cases. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135 (4) 880-884
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Yousem SA, Colby TV, Gaensler EA. Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease and its relationship to desquamative interstitial pneumonia. Mayo Clin Proc 1989; 64 (11) 1373-1380
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Nair A, Hansell DM. High-resolution computed tomography features of smoking-related interstitial lung disease. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2014; 35 (1) 59-71
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Sismanlar T, Aslan AT, Turktas H, Memis L, Griese M. Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease in childhood: new sequela of smoking. Pediatrics 2015; 136 (4) e1026-e1029
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Yousem SA, Dacic S. Idiopathic bronchiolocentric interstitial pneumonia. Mod Pathol 2002; 15 (11) 1148-1153
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 de Carvalho ME, Kairalla RA, Capelozzi VL, Deheinzelin D, do Nascimento Saldiva PH, de Carvalho CR. Centrilobular fibrosis: a novel histological pattern of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Pathol Res Pract 2002; 198 (9) 577-583
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Churg A, Myers J, Suarez T , et al. Airway-centered interstitial fibrosis: a distinct form of aggressive diffuse lung disease. Am J Surg Pathol 2004; 28 (1) 62-68
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Colombat M, Groussard O, Taillé C , et al. Lung transplantation in a patient with airway-centered fibrosis. Am J Surg Pathol 2004; 28 (11) 1540-1542
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Fukuoka J, Franks TJ, Colby TV , et al. Peribronchiolar metaplasia: a common histologic lesion in diffuse lung disease and a rare cause of interstitial lung disease: clinicopathologic features of 15 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2005; 29 (7) 948-954
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Mark EJ, Ruangchira-urai R. Bronchiolitis interstitial pneumonitis: a pathologic study of 31 lung biopsies with features intermediate between bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonitis, with clinical correlation. Ann Diagn Pathol 2008; 12 (3) 171-180
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Virk RK, Fraire AE. Interstitial lung diseases that are difficult to classify: a review of bronchiolocentric interstitial lung disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015; 139 (8) 984-988
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Cordier JF. Challenges in pulmonary fibrosis. 2: Bronchiolocentric fibrosis. Thorax 2007; 62 (7) 638-649
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Fenton ME, Cockcroft DW, Wright JL, Churg A. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis as a cause of airway-centered interstitial fibrosis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2007; 99 (5) 465-466
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Homma H, Yamanaka A, Tanimoto S , et al. Diffuse panbronchiolitis. A disease of the transitional zone of the lung. Chest 1983; 83 (1) 63-69
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Miller RR, Müller NL. Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and obliterative bronchiolitis in patients with peripheral carcinoid tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 1995; 19 (6) 653-658
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Aguayo SM, Miller YE, Waldron Jr JA , et al. Brief report: idiopathic diffuse hyperplasia of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and airways disease. N Engl J Med 1992; 327 (18) 1285-1288
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Sheerin N, Harrison NK, Sheppard MN, Hansell DM, Yacoub M, Clark TJ. Obliterative bronchiolitis caused by multiple tumourlets and microcarcinoids successfully treated by single lung transplantation. Thorax 1995; 50 (2) 207-209
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Brown MJ, English J, Müller NL. Bronchiolitis obliterans due to neuroendocrine hyperplasia: high-resolution CT—pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 168 (6) 1561-1562
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Alshehri M, Cutz E, Banzhoff A, Canny G. Hyperplasia of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in a case of childhood pulmonary emphysema. Chest 1997; 112 (2) 553-556
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Davies SJ, Gosney JR, Hansell DM , et al. Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia: an under-recognised spectrum of disease. Thorax 2007; 62 (3) 248-252
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Carr LL, Chung JH, Duarte Achcar R , et al. The clinical course of diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia. Chest 2015; 147 (2) 415-422
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Gorshtein A, Gross DJ, Barak D , et al. Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and the associated lung neuroendocrine tumors: clinical experience with a rare entity. Cancer 2012; 118 (3) 612-619
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Ohzono A, Sogame R, Li X , et al. Clinical and immunological findings in 104 cases of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173 (6) 1447-1452
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Nousari HC, Deterding R, Wojtczack H , et al. The mechanism of respiratory failure in paraneoplastic pemphigus. N Engl J Med 1999; 340 (18) 1406-1410
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Kim SC, Chang SN, Lee IJ , et al. Localized mucosal involvement and severe pulmonary involvement in a young patient with paraneoplastic pemphigus associated with Castleman's tumour. Br J Dermatol 1998; 138 (4) 667-671
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Osmanski II JP, Fraire AE, Schaefer OP. Necrotizing tracheobronchitis with progressive airflow obstruction associated with paraneoplastic pemphigus. Chest 1997; 112 (6) 1704-1707
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Hasegawa Y, Shimokata K, Ichiyama S, Saito H. Constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans and paraneoplastic pemphigus. Eur Respir J 1999; 13 (4) 934-937
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Rice BL, Bedocs LA, Sahi H. A 41-year-old woman with severe dyspnea and painful oral mucosal ulcerations. Chest 2010; 137 (5) 1236-1239
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Tsuchisaka A, Numata S, Teye K , et al. Epiplakin is a paraneoplastic pemphigus autoantigen and related to bronchiolitis obliterans in Japanese patients. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136 (2) 399-408
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Healy WJ, Peters S, Nana-Sinkam SP. A middle-aged man presenting with unexplained mucosal erosions and progressive dyspnoea. BMJ Case Rep 2015; (e-pub ahead of print). doi:10.1136/bcr-2014-208677
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Namba C, Tohyama M, Hanakawa Y , et al. Paraneoplastic pemphigus associated with fatal bronchiolitis obliterans and intractable mucosal erosions: treatment with cyclosporin in addition to steroid, rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin. J Dermatol 2015; 42: 1-4
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Hirano T, Higuchi Y, Yuki H , et al. Rituximab monotherapy and rituximab-containing chemotherapy were effective for paraneoplastic pemphigus accompanying follicular lymphoma, but not for subsequent bronchiolitis obliterans. J Clin Exp Hematop 2015; 55 (2) 83-88
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Takayanagi N, Kanazawa M, Kawabata Y, Colby TV. Chronic bronchiolitis with associated eosinophilic lung disease (eosinophilic bronchiolitis). Respiration 2001; 68 (3) 319-322
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Fukushima Y, Kamiya K, Tatewaki M , et al. A patient with bronchial asthma in whom eosinophilic bronchitis and bronchiolitis developed during treatment. Allergol Int 2010; 59 (1) 87-91
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Cordier JF, Cottin V, Khouatra C , et al. Hypereosinophilic obliterative bronchiolitis: a distinct, unrecognised syndrome. Eur Respir J 2013; 41 (5) 1126-1134
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Davison AG, Heard BE, McAllister WAC, Turner-Warwick ME. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis. Q J Med 1983; 52 (207) 382-394
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Epler GR, Colby TV, McLoud TC, Carrington CB, Gaensler EA. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1985; 312 (3) 152-158
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 American Thoracic Society; European Respiratory Society. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society International Multidisciplinary Consensus Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. This joint statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) was adopted by the ATS board of directors, June 2001 and by the ERS Executive Committee, June 2001. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165 (2) 277-304
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Cordier JF, Peyrol S, Loire R, Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia as a model of inflammatory lung disease. In: Epler GR. , ed. Diseases of the Bronchioles. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1994: 313-345
    Google Scholar
  • 101 Cordier JF. Cryptogenic organising pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2006; 28 (2) 422-446
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Cordier JF, Loire R, Brune J. Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Definition of characteristic clinical profiles in a series of 16 patients. Chest 1989; 96 (5) 999-1004
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Faria IM, Zanetti G, Barreto MM , et al. Organizing pneumonia: chest HRCT findings. J Bras Pneumol 2015; 41 (3) 231-237
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Miao L, Wang Y, Li Y , et al. Lesion with morphologic feature of organizing pneumonia (OP) in CT-guided lung biopsy samples for diagnosis of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP): a retrospective study of 134 cases in a single center. J Thorac Dis 2014; 6 (9) 1251-1260
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 King Jr TE, Mortenson RL. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis. The North American experience. Chest 1992; 102 (1, Suppl): 8S-13S
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Lazor R, Vandevenne A, Pelletier A, Leclerc P, Court-Fortune I, Cordier JF. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Characteristics of relapses in a series of 48 patients. The Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladles “Orphelines” Pulmonaires (GERM“O”P). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162 (2, Pt 1) 571-577
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Lohr RH, Boland BJ, Douglas WW , et al. Organizing pneumonia. Features and prognosis of cryptogenic, secondary, and focal variants. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157 (12) 1323-1329
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Izumi T, Kitaichi M, Nishimura K, Nagai S. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Clinical features and differential diagnosis. Chest 1992; 102 (3) 715-719
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Alasaly K, Muller N, Ostrow DN, Champion P, FitzGerald JM. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. A report of 25 cases and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1995; 74 (4) 201-211
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Bradley B, Branley HM, Egan JJ , et al; British Thoracic Society Interstitial Lung Disease Guideline Group, British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee; Thoracic Society of Australia; New Zealand Thoracic Society; Irish Thoracic Society. Interstitial lung disease guideline: the British Thoracic Society in collaboration with the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Irish Thoracic Society. Thorax 2008; 63 (Suppl. 05) v1-v58
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Nizami IY, Kissner DG, Visscher DW, Dubaybo BA. Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia. An acute and life-threatening syndrome. Chest 1995; 108 (1) 271-277
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Schwarz MI. Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates and respiratory failure following 2 weeks of dyspnea in a 45-year-old woman. Chest 1993; 104 (3) 927-929
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Pérez de Llano LA, Soilán JL, García Pais MJ, Mata I, Moreda M, Laserna B. Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia presenting with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Med 1998; 92 (6) 884-886
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Yousem SA, Lohr RH, Colby TV. Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia/cryptogenic organizing pneumonia with unfavorable outcome: pathologic predictors. Mod Pathol 1997; 10 (9) 864-871
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Cohen AJ, King Jr TE, Downey GP. Rapidly progressive bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149 (6) 1670-1675
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Romero S, Hernández L, Gil J, Aranda I, Martín C, Sanchez-Payá J. Organizing pneumonia in textile printing workers: a clinical description. Eur Respir J 1998; 11 (2) 265-271
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Purcell IF, Bourke SJ, Marshall SM. Cyclophosphamide in severe steroid-resistant bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Respir Med 1997; 91 (3) 175-177
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Koinuma D, Miki M, Ebina M , et al. Successful treatment of a case with rapidly progressive Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) using cyclosporin A and corticosteroid. Intern Med 2002; 41 (1) 26-29
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Sveinsson OA, Isaksson HJ, Sigvaldason A, Yngvason F, Aspelund T, Gudmundsson G. Clinical features in secondary and cryptogenic organising pneumonia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2007; 11 (6) 689-694
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Yoo JW, Song JW, Jang SJ , et al. Comparison between cryptogenic organizing pneumonia and connective tissue disease-related organizing pneumonia. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50 (5) 932-938
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Cazzato S, Zompatori M, Baruzzi G , et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia: an Italian experience. Respir Med 2000; 94 (7) 702-708
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Chang J, Han J, Kim DW , et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia: clinicopathologic review of a series of 45 Korean patients including rapidly progressive form. J Korean Med Sci 2002; 17 (2) 179-186
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Ogo E, Komaki R, Abe T , et al. The clinical characteristics and non-steroidal treatment for radiation-induced bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia syndrome after breast-conserving therapy. Radiother Oncol 2010; 97 (1) 95-100
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Ichikawa Y, Ninomiya H, Katsuki M, Hotta M, Tanaka M, Oizumi K. Low-dose/long-term erythromycin for treatment of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP). Kurume Med J 1993; 40 (2) 65-67
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Stover DE, Mangino D. Macrolides: a treatment alternative for bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia?. Chest 2005; 128 (5) 3611-3617
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Kastelik JA, Greenstone M, McGivern DV, Morice AH. Cryptogenic organising pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2006; 28 (6) 1291
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Radzikowska E, Wiatr E, Langfort R, Bestry I, Rudziński P, Roszkowski K. Organizing pneumonia—own experiences with clarithromycin treatment [in Polish]. Pneumonol Alergol Pol 2004; 72 (11–12) 493-498
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Watanabe K, Senju S, Wen FQ, Shirakusa T, Maeda F, Yoshida M. Factors related to the relapse of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest 1998; 114 (6) 1599-1606
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 Barroso E, Hernandez L, Gil J, Garcia R, Aranda I, Romero S. Idiopathic organizing pneumonia: a relapsing disease. 19 years of experience in a hospital setting. Respiration 2007; 74 (6) 624-631
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Nishino M, Mathai SK, Schoenfeld D, Digumarthy SR, Kradin RL. Clinicopathologic features associated with relapse in cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Hum Pathol 2014; 45 (2) 342-351
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Pardo J, Panizo A, Sola I, Queipo F, Martinez-Peñuela A, Carias R. Prognostic value of clinical, morphologic, and immunohistochemical factors in patients with bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia. Hum Pathol 2013; 44 (5) 718-724
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 132 Kim M, Cha SI, Seo H , et al. Predictors of relapse in patients with organizing pneumonia. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2015; 78 (3) 190-195
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 133 Gaillet G, Favelle O, Guilleminault L , et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a risk factor for severity of organizing pneumonia. Respiration 2015; 89 (2) 119-126
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 134 Melloni G, Cremona G, Bandiera A , et al. Localized organizing pneumonia: report of 21 cases. Ann Thorac Surg 2007; 83 (6) 1946-1951
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 135 Maldonado F, Daniels CE, Hoffman EA, Yi ES, Ryu JH. Focal organizing pneumonia on surgical lung biopsy: causes, clinicoradiologic features, and outcomes. Chest 2007; 132 (5) 1579-1583
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 136 Epler GR, Kelly EM. Systematic review of postradiotherapy bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia in women with breast cancer. Oncologist 2014; 19 (12) 1216-1226
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 137 Otani K, Nishiyama K, Ito Y, Kawaguchi Y, Inaji H. Steroid treatment increases the recurrence of radiation-induced organizing pneumonia after breast-conserving therapy. Cancer Med 2014; 3 (4) 947-953
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 138 Murofushi KN, Oguchi M, Gosho M, Kozuka T, Sakurai H. Radiation-induced bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) syndrome in breast cancer patients is associated with age. Radiat Oncol 2015; 10 (1) 103
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 139 Crestani B, Valeyre D, Roden S, Wallaert B, Dalphin JC, Cordier JF. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia syndrome primed by radiation therapy to the breast. The Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines Pulmonaires (GERM”O”P). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158 (6) 1929-1935
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 140 Cordier JF, Cottin V, Lazor R, Stoppa-Lyonnet D. Monoallelic germline ATM mutation and organising pneumonia induced by radiation therapy to the breast. Eur Respir J 2016; 47: 997-1000
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar