Endoskopie heute 2012; 25(4): 276-288
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1330382
Leitlinie
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Qualität der Screening-Koloskopie: Positionspapier der Europäischen Gesellschaft für Gastrointestinale Endoskopie

Quality in Screening Colonoscopy: Position Statement of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE)
B. Rembacken
1   Centre for Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
,
C. Hassan
2   Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
,
J. F. Riemann
3   Stiftung Lebensblicke, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen Germany
,
A. Chilton
4   Department of Gastroenterology, Kettering General Hospital, Kettering, United Kingdom
,
M. Rutter
5   Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of North Tees, Stockton-on-Tees, United Kingdom
6   Durham University, County Durham, UK
,
J.-M. Dumonceau
7   Department of Gastroenterology, HUG, Geneva, Switzerland
,
M. Omar
8   Department of Internal Medicine, Digestive Diseases and Endoscopy, New Mowasat Hospital, Salmiya, Kuwait
,
T. Ponchon
9   Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
17 December 2012 (online)

1 Deutsche Übersetzung: Prof. Dr. med. H.-J. Schulz.


 
  • Literatur

  • 1 Benson VS, Patnick J, Davies AK et al. International Colorectal Cancer Screening Network. Colorectal cancer screening: a comparison of 35 initiatives in 17 countries. Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 1357-1367
  • 2 Wennberg JE. Time to tackle unwarranted variations in practice. BMJ 2011; 342: 687-690
  • 3 Eisinger F, Cals L, Calazel-Benque A et al. Impact of organised programs on colorectal cancer screening. BMC Cancer 2008; 8: 104
  • 4 Bos AB, van Ballegooijen M, van Gessel-Dabekaussen AA et al. Organised cervical cancer screening still leads to higher coverage than spontaneous screening in The Netherlands. Eur J Cancer 1998; 34: 1598-1601
  • 5 Ronco G, Pilutti S, Patriarca S et al. Impact of the introduction of organised screening for cervical cancer in Turin, Italy: cancer incidence by screening history 1992–98. Br J Cancer 2005; 93: 376-378
  • 6 Ronco G, Segnan N, Giordano L et al. Interaction of spontaneous and organised screening for cervical cancer in Turin, Italy. Eur J Cancer 1997; 33: 1262-1267
  • 7 Nygard JF, Skare GB, Thoresen SO. The cervical cancer screening programme in Norway, 1992–2000: changes in Pap smear coverage and incidence of cervical cancer. J Med Screen 2002; 9: 86-91
  • 8 Lynge E, Clausen LB, Guignard R et al. What happens when organization of cervical cancer screening is delayed or stopped?. J Med Screen 2006; 13: 41-46
  • 9 Nieminen P, Kallio M, Anttila A et al. Organised vs. spontaneous Pap-smear screening for cervical cancer: A case-control study. Int J Cancer 1999; 83: 55-58
  • 10 Quinn M, Babb P, Jones J et al. Effect of screening on incidence of and mortality from cancer of cervix in England: evaluation based on routinely collected statistics. BMJ 1999; 318: 904-908
  • 11 Chamot E, Charvet AI, Perneger TV. Who gets screened, and where: a comparison of organised and opportunistic mammography screening in Geneva, Switzerland. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43: 576-584
  • 12 Puliti D, Miccinesi G, Collina N et al. Effectiveness of service screening: a case–control study to assess breast cancer mortality reduction. Br J Cancer 2008; 99: 423-427
  • 13 International Agency for Research on Cancer. Cervix cancer screening. IARC Handbooks of cancer prevention. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2005 Volume 10.
  • 14 Hardcastle JD, Chamberlain JO, Robinson MH et al. Randomised controlled trial of faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer. Lancet 1996; 348: 1472-1477
  • 15 Kronborg O, Fenger C, Olsen J et al. Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test. Lancet 1996; 348: 1467-1471
  • 16 Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church TR et al. Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for faecal occult blood. Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1365-1371
  • 17 Lindholm E, Brevinge H, Haglind E. Survival benefit in a randomized clinical trial of faecal occult blood screening for colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 2008; 95: 1029-1036
  • 18 Kewenter J, Breving H, Engaras B et al. Results of screening, rescreening, and follow-up in a prospective randomized study for detection of colorectal cancer by faecal occult blood testing. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994; 29: 468-473
  • 19 Council of the European Union. Council Recommendation of 2 December 2003 on cancer screening (2003/87/EC): OJ L327/34–38. Brussels: 2003
  • 20 Atkin WS, Edwards R, Kralj-Hans I et al. Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010; 375: 1624-1633
  • 21 Segnan N, Senore C, Andreoni B et al. Baseline findings of the Italian multicenter randomized controlled trial of “once-only sigmoidoscopy” – SCORE. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94: 1763-1772
  • 22 Weissfeld J, Schoen R, Pinsky P et al. Flexible sigmoidoscopy in the PLCO cancer screening trial: results from the baseline screening examination of a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 989-997
  • 23 Segnan N, Patnick J, von Karsa L (eds), European Commission European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis – first edition. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2011 DOI: 10.2772/15379
  • 24 Bourke MJ. Making every colonoscopy count: ensuring quality in endoscopy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 24: S43-50
  • 25 Hoff G, Bretthauer M, Huppertz-Hauss G et al. The Norwegian Gastronet project: Continuous quality improvement of colonoscopy in 14 Norwegian centres. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006; 41: 481-487
  • 26 Seip B, Bretthauer M, Dahler S et al. Sustaining the vitality of colonoscopy quality improvement programmes over time. Experience from the Norwegian Gastronet programme. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45: 362-369
  • 27 Burke CA, Church JM. Enhancing the quality of colonoscopy: the importance of bowel purgatives. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 66: 565-573
  • 28 Froehlich F, Wietlisbach V, Gonvers JJ et al. Impact of colonic cleansing on quality and diagnostic yield of colonoscopy: the European Panel of Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy European multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 61: 378-384
  • 29 Harewood GC, Sharma VK, de Garmo P. Impact of colonoscopy preparation quality on detection of suspected colonic neoplasia. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 58: 76-79
  • 30 Thomas-Gibson S, Rogers P, Cooper S et al. Judgement of the quality of bowel preparation at screening flexible sigmoidoscopy is associated with variability in adenoma detection rates. Endoscopy 2006; 38: 456-460
  • 31 Hookey LC, Vanner S. A review of current issues underlying colon cleansing before colonoscopy. Can J Gastroenterol 2007; 21: 105-111
  • 32 Hawes RH, Lowry A, Deziel D. A consensus document on bowel preparation before colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 63: 894-909
  • 33 World Health Organization. WHO Pharmaceuticals Newsletter 2009 No.1. Geneva: WHO.
  • 34 Belsey J, Epstein O, Heresbach D. Systematic review: oral bowel preparation for colonoscopy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25: 373-384
  • 35 Rex DK, Vanner SJ. Colon cleansing before colonoscopy: does oral sodium phosphate solution still make sense?. Can J Gastroenterol 2009; 23: 210-214
  • 36 Frommer D. Cleansing ability and tolerance of three bowel preparations for colonoscopy. Dis Colon Rectum 1997; 40: 100-104
  • 37 Hamilton D, Mulcahy D, Walsh D et al. Sodium picosulphate compared with polyethylene glycol solution for large bowel lavage: a prospective randomised trial. Br J Clin Pract 1996; 50: 73-75
  • 38 Golub RW, Kerner BA, Wise Jr WE. Colonoscopic preparations – which one? A blinded, prospective, randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum 1995; 58: 594-597
  • 39 Rösch T, Classen M. Fractional cleansing of the large bowel with Golytely for colonoscopic preparations: a controlled trial. Endoscopy 1987; 19: 198-200
  • 40 Kilgore TW, Abdinoor AA, Szary NM et al. Bowel preparation with split-dose polyethylene glycol before colonoscopy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73: 1240-1245
  • 41 Aoun E, Baki HA, Azar C et al. A randomized single-blind trial of split-dose PEG-electrolyte solution without dietary restriction compared with whole dose PEG-electrolyte solution with dietary restriction for colonoscopy preparation. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 62: 213-218
  • 42 El Sayed AMA, Kanafani ZA, Mourad FH et al. A randomized single-blind trial of whole versus split-dose polyethylene glycol-electrolyte solution for colonoscopy preparation. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 58: 36-40
  • 43 Park SS, Sinn DH, Kim YH et al. Efficacy and tolerability of split-dose magnesium citrate: low-volume (2 liters) polyethylene glycol vs. single- or split-dose polyethylene glycol bowel preparation for morning colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 1319-1326
  • 44 Cohen SM, Wexner SD, Binderow SR et al. Prospective, randomized, endoscopic-blinded trial comparing pre-colonoscopy bowel cleansing methods. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37: 689-696
  • 45 Cohen LB, Sanyal SM, von Althann C et al. Clinical trial: 2-L polyethylene glycol-based lavage solutions for colonoscopy preparation – a randomized, single-blind study of two formulations. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 637-644
  • 46 Afridi S, Barthel J, King P et al. Prospective, randomized trial comparing a new sodium phosphate-bisacodyl regimen with conventional PEG-ES lavage for outpatient colonoscopy preparation. Gastrointest Endosc 1995; 41: 485-489
  • 47 Berkelhammer C, Ekambaram A, Silva R. Low-volume oral colonoscopy bowel preparation: sodium phosphate and magnesium citrate. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 56: 89-94
  • 48 Clarkston W, Tsen T, Dies D et al. Oral sodium phosphate versus sulfate-free polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution in outpatient preparation for colonoscopy: a prospective comparison. Gastrointest Endosc 1996; 43: 42-48
  • 49 Sharma VK, Steinberg EN, Vasudeva R et al. Randomized, controlled study of pre-treatment with magnesium citrate on the quality of colonoscopy preparation with polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution. Gastrointest Endosc 1997; 46: 541-543
  • 50 Rostom A, Jolicoeur E. Validation of a new scale for the assessment of bowel preparation quality. Gastrointest Endosc 2004; 59: 482-486
  • 51 Lai EJ, Calderwood AH, Doros G et al. The Boston bowel preparation scale: a valid and reliable instrument for colonoscopy-orientated research. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 69: 620-625
  • 52 Eckardt VF, Kanzler G, Schmitt T et al. Complications and adverse effects of colonoscopy with selective sedation. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 49: 560-565
  • 53 Rex DK. Colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2000; 10: 135-160
  • 54 Rex DK, Imperiale TF, Portish V. Patients willing to try colonoscopy without sedation: associated clinical factors and results of a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 49: 554-559
  • 55 Riphaus A, Wehrmann T, Weber B et al. S3 Guideline: Sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy 2008. Endoscopy 2009; 41: 787-815
  • 56 McQuaid KR, Laine L. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials of moderate sedation for routine endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 67: 910-923
  • 57 Dumonceau JM, Riphaus A, Aparicio JR et al. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates, and the European Society of Anaesthesiology Guideline: Non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol for GI endoscopy. Endoscopy 2010; 42: 960-974
  • 58 Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists – An updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 2002; 96: 1004-1017
  • 59 Greenblatt DJ, Allen MD, Shader RI. Toxicity of high-dose flurazepam in the elderly. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1977; 21: 355-361
  • 60 Castleden CM, George CF, Marcer D et al. Increased sensitivity to nitrazepam in old age. Br Med J 1977; i: 10-12
  • 61 Seip B, Bretthauer M, Dahler S et al. Patient satisfaction with on-demand sedation for outpatient colonoscopy. Endoscopy 2010; 42: 639-646
  • 62 Cotton PB, Eisen GM, Aabakken L et al. A lexicon for endoscopic adverse events: report of an ASGE workshop. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71: 446-454
  • 63 Froehlich F, Harris JK, Wietlisbach V et al. Current sedation and monitoring practice for colonoscopy: an international observational study (EPAGE). Endoscopy 2006; 38: 461-469
  • 64 Eloubeidi MA, Wallace MB, Desmond R et al. Female gender and other factors predictive of a limited screening flexible sigmoidoscopy examination for colorectal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 1634-1639
  • 65 Harris JK, Vader JP, Wietlisbach V et al. Variations in colonoscopy practice in Europe: a multicentre descriptive study (EPAGE). Scand J Gastroenterol 2007; 42: 126-134
  • 66 Rathgaber SW, Wick TM. Colonoscopy completion and complication rates in a community gastroenterology practice. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 64: 556-562
  • 67 Viiala CH, Olynyk JK. Outcomes for women in a flexible sigmoidoscopy-based colorectal cancer screening programme. Intern Med J 2008; 38: 90-94
  • 68 Othman MO, Bradley AG, Choudhary A et al. Variable stiffness colonoscope versus regular adult colonoscope: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Endoscopy 2009; 41: 17-24
  • 69 Shah SG, Brooker JC, Williams CB et al. Effect of magnetic endoscope imaging on colonoscopy performance: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2000; 356: 1718-1722
  • 70 Rutter MD, Chilton A. Quality assurance guidelines for colonoscopy. NHS BCSP Publication 2011; 6: 24
  • 71 European Commission. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. European Union. ISBN 978-92-79-16435-4 (Printed version). ISBN 978-92-79-16574-0 (Electronic version) doi:10.2772/1458 (Printed version) doi:10.2772/15379 (Electronic version). Available at 2010 http://screening.iarc.fr/doc/ND3210390ENC.pdf
  • 72 Rex DK, Bond JH, Winawer S et al. Quality in the technical performance of colonoscopy and the continuous quality improvement process for colonoscopy: recommendations of the U.S. Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 1296-1308
  • 73 Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B et al. Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. Gastroenterology 2008; 134: 1570-1595
  • 74 Rabeneck L, Rumble RB, Axler J et al. Cancer Care Ontario Colonoscopy Standards: standards and evidentiary base. Can J Gastroenterol 2007; 21: 5D-24D
  • 75 Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, O’Brien MJ et al. Randomized comparison of surveillance intervals after colonoscopic removal of newly diagnosed adenomatous polyps. The National Polyp Study Workgroup. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 901-906
  • 76 Atkin WS, Edwards R, Kralj-Hans I et al. Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010; 375: 1624-1633
  • 77 UK Colorectal Cancer Screening Pilot Group. Results of the first round of a demonstration pilot of screening for colorectal cancer in the United Kingdom. BMJ 2004; 329: 133-135
  • 78 Lieberman DA, Weiss DG, Bond JH et al. Use of colonoscopy to screen asymptomatic adults for colorectal cancer. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group 380. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 162-168
  • 79 Regula J, Rupinski M, Kraszewska E et al. Colonoscopy in colorectal-cancer screening for detection of advanced neoplasia. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1863-1872
  • 80 Schoenfeld P, Cash B, Flood A et al. Colonoscopic screening of average-risk women for colorectal neoplasia. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 2061-2068
  • 81 Bressler B, Paszat LF, Vinden C et al. Colonoscopic miss rates for right sided colon cancer: a population based analysis. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: 452-456
  • 82 Heresbach D, Barrioz T, Lapalus MG et al. Miss rate for colorectal neoplastic polyps: a prospective multicenter study of back-to-back video colonoscopies. Endoscopy 2008; 40: 284-290
  • 83 Hixson L, Fennerty MB, Sampliner RE et al. Prospective study of the frequency and size distribution of polyps missed by colonoscopy. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 1769-1772
  • 84 Chen SC, Rex DK. Endoscopist can be more powerful than age and male gender in predicting adenoma detection at colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 856-861
  • 85 Atkin W, Rogers P, Cardwell C et al. Wide variation in adenoma detection rates at screening flexible sigmoidoscopy. Gastroenterology 2004; 126: 1247-1256
  • 86 Wilkins T, LeClair B, Smolkin M et al. Screening colonoscopies by primary care physicians: a meta-analysis. Ann Fam Med 2009; 7: 56-62
  • 87 Rex DK, Cutler CS, Lemmel GT et al. Colonoscopic miss rates of adenomas determined by back-to-back colonoscopies. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 24-28
  • 88 Pickhardt PJ, Nugent PA, Mysliwiec PA et al. Location of adenomas missed by optical colonoscopy. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141: 352-359
  • 89 Karminski MF, Regula JR, Kraszewska E et al. Quality indicators for colonoscopy and the risk of interval cancer. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 1795-1803
  • 90 Denis B, Sauleau EA, Gendre I et al. Measurement of adenoma detection and discrimination during colonoscopy in routine practice: an exploratory study. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 74: 1325-1336
  • 91 Imperiale TF, Wagner DR, Lin CY et al. Results of screening colonoscopy among persons 40 to 49 years of age. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1781-1785
  • 92 Rundle AG, Lebwohl B, Vogel R et al. Colonoscopic screening in average-risk individuals ages 40 to 49 vs. 50 to 59 years. Gastroenterology 2008; 134: 1311-1315
  • 93 Zheng S, Chen K, Liu X et al. Cluster randomization trial of sequence mass screening for colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2003; 46: 51-58
  • 94 Allison JE, Sakoda LC, Levin TR et al. Screening for colorectal neoplasms with new fecal occult blood tests: update on performance characteristics. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99: 1462-1470
  • 95 Dancourt V, Lejeune C, Lepage C et al. Immunochemical faecal occult blood tests are superior to guaiac-based tests for the detection of colorectal neoplasms. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44: 2254-2258
  • 96 Guittet L, Bouvier V, Mariotte N et al. Comparison of a guaiac based and an immunochemical faecal occult blood test in screening for colorectal cancer in a general average risk population. Gut 2007; 56: 210-214
  • 97 Imperiale TF, Ransohoff DF, Itzkowitz SH et al. Fecal DNA versus fecal occult blood for colorectal-cancer screening in an average-risk population. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2704-2714
  • 98 Ahlquist DA, Sargent DJ, Levin TR et al. Stool DNA screening for colorectal neoplasia: prospective multicenter comparison with occult blood testing. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: 63
  • 99 Barclay RL, Vicari JJ, Doughty AS et al. Colonoscopic withdrawal times and adenoma detection during screening colonoscopy. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 2533-2541
  • 100 Simmons DT, Harewood GC, Baron TH et al. Impact of endoscopist withdrawal speed on polyp yield: implications for optimal colonoscopy withdrawal time. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24: 965-971
  • 101 Lee TJW, Blanks RG, Rees CJ. Colonoscopy withdrawal time and adenoma detection rate in screening colonoscopy: the optimum average withdrawal time is 10 min. Gut 2011; 60 (Suppl. 01) A44 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2011.239301.87.
  • 102 Rex DK. Colonoscopic withdrawal technique is associated with adenoma miss rates. Gastrointest Endosc 2000; 51: 33-36
  • 103 Hewett DG, Rex DK. Cap-fitted colonoscopy: a randomized, tandem colonoscopy study of adenoma miss rates. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 72: 775-781
  • 104 East JE, Stavrindis M, Thomas-Gibson S et al. A comparative study of standard vs. high definition colonoscopy for adenoma and hyperplastic polyp detection with optimized withdrawal technique. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 28: 768-776
  • 105 DeMarco DC, Odstrcil E, Lara LF et al. Impact of experience with a retrograde-viewing device on adenoma detection rates and withdrawal times during colonoscopy: the Third Eye Retroscope study group. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71: 542-550
  • 106 Brown SR, Baraza W, Hurlstone P. Chromoscopy versus conventional endoscopy for the detection of polyps in the colon and rectum. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 4: CD006439
  • 107 Kudo S, Lambert R, Allen JI et al. Nonpolypoid neoplastic lesions of the colorectal mucosa. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 68 (Suppl. 04) S3-S47
  • 108 Pohl J, Nguyen-Tat M, Pech O et al. Computed virtual chromoendoscopy for classification of small colorectal lesions: a prospective comparative study. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 562-569
  • 109 Emura F, Saito Y, Taniguchi M et al. Further validation of magnifying chromocolonoscopy for differentiating colorectal neoplastic polyps in a health screening center. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22: 1722-1727
  • 110 Raghavendra M, Hewett DG, Rex DK. Differentiating adenomas from hyperplastic colorectal polyps: narrowband imaging can be learned in 20 minutes. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 72: 572-576
  • 111 Fry LC, Lazenby AJ, Mikolaenko I et al. Diagnostic quality of polyps resected by snare polypectomy: does the type of electrosurgical current used matter?. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 2123-2127
  • 112 Ignjatovic A, East JE, Suzuki N et al. Optical diagnosis of small colorectal polyps at routine colonoscopy (Detect InSpect Characterise Resect and Discard; Discard trial): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Oncology 2009; 10: 1171-1178
  • 113 Hassan C, Pickhardt PJ, Rex DK. A resect and discard strategy would improve cost-effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 8: 865-869
  • 114 Imperiale TF, Glowinski EA, Lin-Cooper C et al. Five-year risk of colorectal neoplasia after negative screening colonoscopy. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1218-1224
  • 115 Lakoff J, Paszat LF, Saskin R et al. Risk of developing proximal versus distal colorectal cancer after a negative colonoscopy: a population-based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 6: 1117-1121
  • 116 Farrar WD, Sawhney MS, Nelson DB et al. Colorectal cancers found after a complete colonoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4: 1259-1264
  • 117 Martinez ME, Baron JA, Lieberman DA et al. A pooled analysis of advanced colorectal neoplasia diagnoses after colonoscopic polypectomy. Gastroenterology 2009; 136: 832-841
  • 118 Loeve F, Ballegooijen M, Boer R et al. Colorectal cancer risk in adenoma patients: a nation-wide study. Int J Cancer 2004; 111: 147-151
  • 119 Bressler B, Paszat L, Chen Z et al. Rates of new or missed colorectal cancers after colonoscopy and their risk. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: 96-102
  • 120 Singh H, Turner D, Xue L et al. Risk of developing colorectal cancer following a negative colonoscopy examination. JAMA 2006; 295: 2366-2373
  • 121 Cotterchio M, Manno M, Klar N et al. Colorectal screening is associated with reduced colorectal cancer risk: a case-control study within the population-based Ontario Familial Colorectal Cancer Registry. Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16: 865-875
  • 122 Brenner H, Hoffmeister M, Arndt V et al. Protection from right and left-sided colorectal neoplasms after colonoscopy: population-based study. J Natl Cancer Instit 2010; 102: 89-95
  • 123 Singh H, Nugent Z, Demers AA et al. Rate and predictors of early/missed colorectal cancers after colonoscopy in Manitoba: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 2588-2596
  • 124 Baxter NN, Goldwasser MA, Paszat LF et al. Association of colonoscopy and death from colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150: 1-8
  • 125 Haseman J, Lemmel G, Rahmani E et al. Failure of colonoscopy to detect colorectal cancer: evaluation of 47 cases in 20 hospitals. Gastrointest Endosc 1997; 45: 451-455
  • 126 Farrar W, Sawhney M, Nelson D et al. Colorectal cancers found after a complete colonoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4: 1259-1264
  • 127 Robertson DJ, Greenberg ER, Beach M et al. Colorectal cancer in patients under close colonoscopic surveillance. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 34-41
  • 128 Sawhney MS, Farrar WD, Gudiseva S et al. Microsatellite instability in interval colon cancers. Gastroenterology 2006; 131: 1700-1705
  • 129 Rembacken BJ, Fujii T, Cairns A et al. Flat and depressed colonic neoplasms: a prospective study of 1000 colonoscopies in the UK. Lancet 2000; 355: 1211-1214
  • 130 Rostom A, Jolicoeur E, Dube C et al. A randomised prospective trial comparing different regimens of oral sodium phosphate and polyethylene glycol-based lavage solution in the preparation of patients for colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 64: 544-552
  • 131 McNicol L, Story DA, Leslie K et al. Postoperative complications and mortality in older patients having non-cardiac surgery at three Melbourne teaching hospitals. Med J Aust 2007; 186: 447-452
  • 132 Birkmeyer JD, Siewers AE, Finlayson EVA et al. Hospital volume and surgical mortality in the United States. NEJM 2002; 346: 1128-1137
  • 133 Manfredi S, Piette C, Durand G et al. Colonoscopy results of a French regional FOBT-based colorectal cancer screening program with high compliance. Endoscopy 2008; 40: 422-427
  • 134 Swan MP, Bourke MJ, Alexander S et al. Large refractory colonic polyps: is it time to change our practice? A prospective study of the clinical and economic impact of a tertiary referral colonic mucosal resection and polypectomy service. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 70: 1128-1136
  • 135 Moss A, Bourke MJ, Williams SJ et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection outcomes and prediction of submucosal cancer from advanced colonic mucosal neoplasia. Gastroenterol 2011; 140: 1909-1918
  • 136 Dell’Abate P, Iosca A, Galimberti A et al. Endoscopic preoperative colonic tattooing; a colonic and surgical complication. Endoscopy 1999; 31: 271-273
  • 137 Sawaki A, Nakamura T, Suzuki T et al. A two-step method for marking polypectomy sites in the colon and rectum. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 57: 735-737
  • 138 Enns R. Quality indicators in colonoscopy. Can J Gastroenterol 2007; 21: 277-279
  • 139 Baxter NN, Sutradhar R, Forbes SS et al. Analysis of administrative data finds endoscopist quality measures associated with post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 2011; 140: 65-72
  • 140 Rex DK, Rahmani EY, Haseman JH et al. Relative sensitivity of colonoscopy and barium enema for detection of colorectal cancer in clinical practice. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 17-23
  • 141 Rabeneck L, Paszat LF, Hilsden RJ et al. Bleeding and perforation after outpatient colonoscopy and their risk factors in usual clinical practice. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 1899-1906
  • 142 Barton R. Validity and reliability of an accreditation assessment for colonoscopy. Gut 2008; 57 (Suppl. 01) A4
  • 143 Gondal G, Grotmol T, Hofstad B et al. The Norwegian Colorectal Cancer Prevention [NORCCAP] screening study: baseline findings and implementations for clinical work-up in age groups 50–64 years. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003; 38: 635-642
  • 144 Bowles CJ, Leicester R, Romaya C et al. A prospective study of colonoscopy practice in the UK today: are we adequately prepared for national colorectal cancer screening tomorrow?. Gut 2004; 53: 277-283
  • 145 Gatto NM, Frucht H, Sundararajan V et al. Risk of perforation after colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy: a population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 95: 230-236
  • 146 Fruhmorgen P, Demling L. Complications of diagnostic and therapeutic colonoscopy in the Federal Republic of Germany. Results of an inquiry. Endoscopy 1979; 11: 146-150
  • 147 Heldwein W, Dollhopf M, Rösch T et al. Munich Polypectomy Study (MUPS): prospective analysis of complications and risk factors in 4000 colonic snare polypectomies. Endoscopy 2005; 37: 1116-1122
  • 148 Rosen L, Bub DS, Reed JF et al. Hemorrhage following colonoscopic polypectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 1993; 36: 1126-1131
  • 149 Nelson DB, McQuaid KR, Bond JH et al. Procedural success and complications of large-scale screening colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 55: 307-314
  • 150 Friedland S, Sedehi D, Soetikno R. Colonoscopic polypectomy in anti-coagulated patients. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 1973-1976
  • 151 Hui AJ, Wong RM, Ching JY et al. Risk of colonoscopic polypectomy bleeding with anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents: analysis of 1657 cases. Gastrointest Endosc 2004; 59: 44-48
  • 152 Rey JF, Beilenhoff U, Neumann CD et al. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline: the use of electrosurgical units. Endoscopy 2010; 42: 764-771
  • 153 Parra-Blanco A, Kaminaga N, Kojima T et al. Colonoscopic polypectomy with cutting current: is it safe?. Gastrointest Endosc 2000; 51: 676-681
  • 154 Kim HS, Kim TI, Kim WH et al. Risk factors for immediate postpolyectomy bleeding of the colon: a multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 1333-1341
  • 155 Van Gossum A, Cozzoli A, Adler M et al. Colonoscopic snare polypectomy: analysis of 1485 resections comparing two types of current. Gastrointest Endosc 1992; 38: 472-475
  • 156 Boustière C, Veitch A, Vanbiervliet G et al. Endoscopy and antiplatelet agents. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy 2011; 43: 445-461
  • 157 Rey JF, Lambert R. ESGE recommendations for quality control in gastrointestinal endoscopy: guidelines for image documentation in upper and lower GI. Endoscopy 2001; 33: 901-903
  • 158 Beilenhoff U, Neumann CS, Rey JF et al. ESGE-ESGENA guideline: cleaning and disinfection in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endoscopy 2008; 40: 939-957
  • 159 Beilenhoff U, Neumann CS, Rey JF et al. ESGE–ESGENA guideline for quality assurance in reprocessing: microbiological surveillance testing in endoscopy. Endoscopy 2007; 39: 175-181
  • 160 Rey JF, Kruse A. Cleaning and disinfection in Europe according to the endoscopic societies’ guidelines. Endoscopy 2003; 35: 878-881
  • 161 International Organization for Standardization. DIN EN ISO 15883 Washer-disinfectors – Part 1: General requirements, terms and definitions and tests. 2006 http://www.iso.org
  • 162 International Organization for Standardization. EN ISO 15883-4: 2008. Washer-disinfectors – Part 4: Requirements and tests for washer-disinfectors employing chemical disinfection for thermolabile endoscopes. http://www.iso.org
  • 163 International Organization for Standardization. ISO/TS 15883-5; (2005) Washer-disinfectors – Part 5: Test soils and methods for demonstrating cleaning efficacy. 2005 http://www.iso.org