Assessing Cardiovascular Disease Risk among Young Women with a History of Delivering a Low-Birth-Weight Infant

Patricia M. Dietz; Elena V. Kuklina; Brian T. Bateman; William M. Callaghan

doi:10.1055/s-0032-1323589

American Journal of Perinatology, Table of Contents

Am J Perinatol 2013; 30(04): 267-274
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1323589

Original Article

Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Assessing Cardiovascular Disease Risk among Young Women with a History of Delivering a Low-Birth-Weight Infant

Authors

Patricia M. Dietz

¹Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Elena V. Kuklina

²Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Brian T. Bateman

³Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
William M. Callaghan

¹Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia

Abstract

Objective To assess the prevalence and risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among younger women by pregnancy history.

Methods Cross-sectional study using 1999 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey including women aged 20 to 64 years who had delivered at least one infant (n = 4820). Women self-reported pregnancy history and a clinician diagnosed CVD; CVD risk factors included hypertension (mean systolic blood pressure [BP] ≥140 mm Hg or mean diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg, or currently treated), high cholesterol (total cholesterol ≥240 mg/dL or currently treated), diabetes (self-report or hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5), and smoking (self-report or cotinine-verified). Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between pregnancy history and CVD.

Results Of the women we studied, 4.6% had CVD; 3.1% had delivered a term low-birth-weight infant (TLBWI). Women with a history of TLBWI had an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 2.07 (95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.08 to 3.99) for CVD compared with women without a history of LBWI. Adjustment for hypertension and high cholesterol mildly attenuated the association (AOR 1.85, 95% CI 0.89 to 3.83). Among women without CVD (n = 4555), 23.1% with a history of TLBWI had two risk factors compared with 14.0% of those without a history of LBWI (p = 0.0016).

Conclusion Women with a history of TLBWI should be informed of a possible increased risk of CVD and encouraged to receive screenings as recommended.

Keywords

low birth weight - fetal growth - cardiovascular disease - preterm

Full Text

References

References
1 Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD, Ventura SJ, Mathews TJ, Osterman MJ. Births: final data for 2008. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2010; 59: 1-19 , 3–71
2 Lykke JA, Langhoff-Roos J, Lockwood CJ, Triche EW, Paidas MJ. Mortality of mothers from cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular causes following pregnancy complications in first delivery. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2010; 24: 323-330
3 Pell JP, Smith GC, Walsh D. Pregnancy complications and subsequent maternal cerebrovascular events: a retrospective cohort study of 119,668 births. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 159: 336-342
4 Smith GD, Whitley E, Gissler M, Hemminki E. Birth dimensions of offspring, premature birth, and the mortality of mothers. Lancet 2000; 356: 2066-2067
5 Smith GC, Pell JP, Walsh D. Pregnancy complications and maternal risk of ischaemic heart disease: a retrospective cohort study of 129,290 births. Lancet 2001; 357: 2002-2006
6 Smith GD, Sterne J, Tynelius P, Lawlor DA, Rasmussen F. Birth weight of offspring and subsequent cardiovascular mortality of the parents. Epidemiology 2005; 16: 563-569
7 Davey Smith G, Hyppönen E, Power C, Lawlor DA. Offspring birth weight and parental mortality: prospective observational study and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 166: 160-169
8 Li CY, Chen HF, Sung FC , et al. Offspring birth weight and parental cardiovascular mortality. Int J Epidemiol 2010; 39: 1082-1090
9 Bukowski R, Davis KE, Wilson PWF. Delivery of a small for gestational age infant and greater maternal risk of ischemic heart disease. PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e33047
10 Lykke JA, Langhoff-Roos J, Sibai BM, Funai EF, Triche EW, Paidas MJ. Hypertensive pregnancy disorders and subsequent cardiovascular morbidity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the mother. Hypertension 2009; 53: 944-951
11 Catov JM, Newman AB, Roberts JM , et al; Health ABC Study. Preterm delivery and later maternal cardiovascular disease risk. Epidemiology 2007; 18: 733-739
12 Romundstad PR, Magnussen EB, Smith GD, Vatten LJ. Hypertension in pregnancy and later cardiovascular risk: common antecedents?. Circulation 2010; 122: 579-584
13 Catov JM, Wu CS, Olsen J, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Li J, Nohr EA. Early or recurrent preterm birth and maternal cardiovascular disease risk. Ann Epidemiol 2010; 20: 604-609
14 Nardi O, Zureik M, Courbon D, Ducimetière P, Clavel-Chapelon F. Preterm delivery of a first child and subsequent mothers' risk of ischaemic heart disease: a nested case-control study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2006; 13: 281-283
15 Risnes KR, Vatten LJ, Baker JL , et al. Birthweight and mortality in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 647-661
16 Fraser A, Nelson SM, Macdonald-Wallis C , et al. Associations of pregnancy complications with calculated cardiovascular disease risk and cardiovascular risk factors in middle age: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Circulation 2012; 125: 1367-1380
17 Kuklina EV, Yoon PW, Keenan NL. Prevalence of coronary heart disease risk factors and screening for high cholesterol levels among young adults, United States, 1999–2006. Ann Fam Med 2010; 8: 327-333
18 Rifas-Shiman SL, Forman JP, Lane K, Caspard H, Gillman MW. Diabetes and lipid screening among patients in primary care: a cohort study. BMC Health Serv Res 2008; 8: 25
19 Carson AP, Reynolds K, Fonseca VA, Muntner P. Comparison of A1C and fasting glucose criteria to diagnose diabetes among U.S. adults. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 95-97
20 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Laboratory Protocol. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1999–2006
21 Bernert Jr JT, Turner WE, Pirkle JL , et al. Development and validation of sensitive method for determination of serum cotinine in smokers and nonsmokers by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem 1997; 43: 2281-2291
22 Benowitz NL, Bernert JT, Caraballo RS, Holiday DB, Wang J. Optimal serum cotinine levels for distinguishing cigarette smokers and nonsmokers within different racial/ethnic groups in the United States between 1999 and 2004. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169: 236-248
23 Robbins CL, Dietz PM, Bombard JM, Gibbs F, Ko JY, Valderrama AL. Blood pressure and cholesterol screening prevalence among U.S. women of reproductive age opportunities to improve screening. Am J Prev Med 2011; 41: 588-595
24 Bukowski R, Smith GC, Malone FD , et al; FASTER Research Consortium. Fetal growth in early pregnancy and risk of delivering low birth weight infant: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2007; 334: 836
25 Smith GC, Smith MF, McNay MB, Fleming JE. First-trimester growth and the risk of low birth weight. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1817-1822
26 Mook-Kanamori DO, Steegers EA, Eilers PH, Raat H, Hofman A, Jaddoe VW. Risk factors and outcomes associated with first-trimester fetal growth restriction. JAMA 2010; 303: 527-534
27 Magnussen EB, Vatten LJ, Myklestad K, Salvesen KA, Romundstad PR. Cardiovascular risk factors prior to conception and the length of pregnancy: population-based cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204: 526 , e1–e8
28 Ness RB, Sibai BM. Shared and disparate components of the pathophysiologies of fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195: 40-49
29 Jaspers M, de Meer G, Verhulst FC, Ormel J, Reijneveld SA. Limited validity of parental recall on pregnancy, birth, and early childhood at child age 10 years. J Clin Epidemiol 2010; 63: 185-191
30 O'Sullivan JJ, Pearce MS, Parker L. Parental recall of birth weight: how accurate is it?. Arch Dis Child 2000; 82: 202-203
31 Yawn BP, Suman VJ, Jacobsen SJ. Maternal recall of distant pregnancy events. J Clin Epidemiol 1998; 51: 399-405
32 Sanderson M, Williams MA, White E , et al. Validity and reliability of subject and mother reporting of perinatal factors. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147: 136-140
33 Curb JD, McTiernan A, Heckbert SR , et al; WHI Morbidity and Mortality Committee. Outcomes ascertainment and adjudication methods in the Women's Health Initiative. Ann Epidemiol 2003; 13 (9, Suppl) S122-S128
34 Irgens HU, Reisaeter L, Irgens LM, Lie RT. Long term mortality of mothers and fathers after pre-eclampsia: population based cohort study. BMJ 2001; 323: 1213-1217
35 Mosca L, Benjamin EJ, Berra K , et al. Effectiveness-based guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women—2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011; 123: 1243-1262