Bioreaktoren in der Regenerativen Medizin – Vom technischen Apparat zur rekonstruktiven Alternative?

Zusammenfassung

Mit Beginn des Zeitalters des sog. Tissue Engineering (TE) wurden experimentelle Versuchsanordnungen entwickelt, die einen geschlossenen Umgebungsraum mit optimierten Bedingungen für Zellwachstum oder Produkterzeugnis definieren sollten. Diese Systeme wurden als „Bioreaktoren“ bezeichnet. Durch die Übertragung des „Bioreaktor-Prinzips“ in den biomedizinischen Sektor wurden Entwicklungen der Biomaterialwissenschaften und der Zellbiologie in einer neuen integrativen Forschungsdisziplin vereint. Auch im Zeitalter der regenerativen Medizin (RegMed) stellt die Übertragung der Ergebnisse auf in vivo Bedingungen und somit auf die zukünftige klinische Anwendung die größte He­rausforderung dar. Ziel des Bioreaktors ist es, diesen in vivo Bedingungen gerecht zu werden, um damit die Integration neu geschaffenen Gewebes in einen lebenden Organismus zu gewährleisten. Moderne in vivo Bioreaktoren werden heute als integraler Bestandteil des lebenden Organismus verstanden. Die Zellvermehrung und Gewebereifung steht hierbei von Beginn an unter den Einflüssen und physiologischen Wechselwirkungen des Empfängerorganismus. Neueste Entwicklungen aus Gebieten wie die rekonstruktive Chirurgie (arteriovenöse Gefäßschleife zur Organzüchtung) und das moderne Wundmanagement (die topische Unterdrucktherapie als perfusions-Bioreaktor) sollten neue Impulse für die Übertragbarkeit der Reg-Med-Konzepten in den klinischen Alltag liefern.

Abstract

With the advent of the era of tissue engineering (TE), experimental settings have been developed that allow for a defined environment with optimised cell growth conditions and/or the production of specific substitutes. These isolated systems have been termed “bioreactors”. By translating the principles of bioreactors into an in vivo context, advances in biomaterial sciences and cell biology have been merged into an integrative research concept. Even today, in the age of regenerative Medicine (RegMed) the transfer of experimental in vitro findings into a clinical in vivo approach still remains a vast challenge. In order to fulfil these specific requirements bioreactors had to be defined anew. Latest advances in areas like reconstructive medicine (the arteriovenous loop as a means of organogenesis) or modern wound management (topical negative pressure therapy as a perfusion bioreactor) give new impulses towards the translation of Reg-Med concepts into the clinical routine.

Schlüsselwörter

Angiogenese - Tissue Engineering - Wachstumsfaktoren - experimentelle ­Transplantation - Bioreaktoren - Unterdrucktherapie

Key words

angiogenesis - tissue engineering - growth factors - experimental ­transplantation - bioreactors - negative pressure therapy

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