Permanent Soft Tissue Fillers

ABSTRACT

As our youth-oriented society ages, interest in nonsurgical aesthetic techniques has generated a dramatic rise in the use of filling agents for facial rejuvenation. Backed by multiple published studies documenting safety and efficacy, soft tissue fillers are often viewed as treatments with minimal recovery time and limited risk of complications when compared with traditional surgical interventions. This has led to a genuine demand for fillers with similar safety profiles but ever increasing longevity in their aesthetic corrections. This review addresses many of the permanent soft tissue fillers that are commercially available worldwide as well as important concerns regarding their complications.

Permanent fillers - injectable fillers - ArteFill^® - Bio-Alcamid^® - silicone oil

REFERENCES

• 1 The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery .Cosmetic Surgery National Data Bank Statistics. Available at: http://www.surgery.org/sites/default/files/2009stats.pdf Last accessed, November 5, 2010
• 2 Rhonda L. Rundle (2005, September 27). Wrinkle Treatments Don't Age Well.  Wall Street Journal.
• 3 Gersuny J S. Hard-parafin prosthesis.  Zentralbl Chir. 1903;  1 86-88
• 4 Newcomer V D, Graham J H, Schaffert R R, Kaplan L. Sclerosing lipogranuloma resulting from exogenous lipids.  AMA Arch Derm. 1956;  73 361-372
• 5 Blocksma R. Experience with dimethylpolysiloxane fluid in soft tissue augmentation.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 1971;  48 564-567
• 6 Winer L H, Sternberg T H, Lehman R, Ashley F L. Tissue reactions to injected silicone liquids: a report of three cases.  Arch Dermatol. 1964;  90 588-593
• 7 Ben-Hur N, Neuman Z. Siliconoma—another cutaneous response to dimethylpolysiloxane. Experimental study in mice.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 1965;  36 629-631
• 8 Nosanchuk J S. Injected dimethylpolysiloxane fluid: a study of antibody and histologic response.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 1968;  42 562-566
• 9 Ellenbogen R, Rubin L. Injectable fluid silicone therapy. Human morbidity and mortality.  JAMA. 1975;  234 308-309
• 10 Pearl R M, Laub D R, Kaplan E N. Complications following silicone injections for augmentation of the contours of the face.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 1978;  61 888-891
• 11 Orentreich D S, Orentreich N. Injectable fluid silicone. In: Roenigk R K, Roenigk Jr H H, eds. Surgery Principle and Practice. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1989: 1349-1395
• 12 Webster R C, Fuleihan N S, Gaunt J M et al.. Injectable silicone for small augmentations: twenty year experience in humans.  Am J Cosmet Surg. 1984;  1 1-10
• 13 Ersek R A, Gregory S R, Salisbury A V. Bioplastique at 6 years: clinical outcome studies.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;  100 1570-1574
• 14 Ersek R A, Beisang III A A. Bioplastique: a new biphasic polymer for minimally invasive injection implantation.  Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1992;  16 59-65
• 15 Mladick R A. Twelve months of experience with Bioplastique.  Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1992;  16 69-76
• 16 Simons G, Mazaleyrat P, Masurel T. Utilization of injectable microimplants in aesthetic facial surgery.  Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1992;  16 77-82
• 17 Rudolph C M, Soyer H P, Schuller-Petrovic S, Kerl H. Foreign body granulomas due to injectable aesthetic microimplants.  Am J Surg Pathol. 1999;  23 113-117
• 18 Hoffmann C, Schuller-Petrovic S, Soyer H P, Kerl H. Adverse reactions after cosmetic lip augmentation with permanent biologically inert implant materials.  J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;  40 100-102
• 19 Niechajev I. Lip enhancement: surgical alternatives and histologic aspects.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;  105 1173-1183 discussion 1184-1187
• 20 Lemperle G, Knapp T R, Sadick N S, Lemperle S M. ArteFill permanent injectable for soft tissue augmentation: I. Mechanism of action and injection techniques.  Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2010;  34 264-272
• 21 Lemperle G, Duffy D M. Treatment options for dermal filler complications.  Aesthet Surg J. 2006;  26 356-364
• 22 Alcalay J, Alkalay R, Gat A, Yorav S. Late-onset granulomatous reaction to Artecoll.  Dermatol Surg. 2003;  29 859-862
• 23 Lemperle G, Morhenn V, Charrier U. Human histology and persistence of various injectable filler substances for soft tissue augmentation.  Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2003;  27 354-366 discussion 367
• 24 Lemperle G, Gauthier-Hazan N, Wolters M, Eisemann-Klein M, Zimmermann U, Duffy D M. Foreign body granulomas after all injectable dermal fillers: part 1. Possible causes.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;  123 1842-1863
• 25 Hilinski J M, Cohen S R. Soft tissue augmentation with ArteFill.  Facial Plast Surg. 2009;  25 114-119
• 26 Lemperle G, Sadick N S, Knapp T R, Lemperle S M. ArteFill permanent injectable for soft tissue augmentation: II. Indications and applications.  Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2010;  34 273-286
• 27 Ramires P A, Miccoli M A, Panzarini E, Dini L, Protopapa C. In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility evaluation of a polyalkylimide hydrogel for soft tissue augmentation.  J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2005;  72 230-238
• 28 Pacini S, Ruggiero M, Morucci G, Cammarota N, Protopapa C, Gulisano M. Bio-alcamid: a novelty for reconstructive and cosmetic surgery.  Ital J Anat Embryol. 2002;  107 209-214
• 29 Lahiri A, Waters R. Experience with Bio-Alcamid, a new soft tissue endoprosthesis.  J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2007;  60 663-667
• 30 Ramon Y, Fodor L, Ullmann Y. Preliminary experiences with Bio-Alcamid in HIV facial lipoatrophy.  Dermatology. 2007;  214 151-154
• 31 Hönig J. Cheek augmentation with Bio-Alcamid in facial lipoatrophy in HIV seropositive patients.  J Craniofac Surg. 2008;  19 1085-1088
• 32 Karim R B, de Lint C A, van Galen S R et al.. Long-term effect of polyalkylimide gel injections on severity of facial lipoatrophy and quality of life of HIV-positive patients.  Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2008;  32 873-878
• 33 Antoniou T, Raboud J M, Kovacs C et al.. Long-term efficacy and safety of polyalkylimide gel for the treatment of HIV-associated lipoatrophy.  AIDS Care. 2009;  21 1247-1252
• 34 Campana M, Lazzeri D, Rosato L et al.. Late-onset gluteal Escherichia coli abscess formation 7 years after soft tissue augmentation with Bio-Alcamid in a HIV-positive patient.  J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010;  63 e709-e710
• 35 Schelke L W, van den Elzen H J, Canninga M, Neumann M H. Complications after treatment with polyalkylimide.  Dermatol Surg. 2009;  35 (Suppl 2) 1625-1628
• 36 Narins R S, Coleman III W P, Glogau R G. Recommendations and treatment options for nodules and other filler complications.  Dermatol Surg. 2009;  35 (Suppl 2) 1667-1671
• 37 Bjarnsholt T, Tolker-Nielsen T, Givskov M, Janssen M, Christensen L H. Detection of bacteria by fluorescence in situ hybridization in culture-negative soft tissue filler lesions.  Dermatol Surg. 2009;  35 (Suppl 2) 1620-1624
• 38 Wilson Y L, Ellis D A. Large needle suction aspiration of permanent fillers.  Laryngoscope. 2011;  121 2146-2149
• 39 Kalantar-Hormozi A, Mozafari N, Rasti M. Adverse effects after use of polyacrylamide gel as a facial soft tissue filler.  Aesthet Surg J. 2008;  28 139-142
• 40 Manafi A, Emami A H, Pooli A H, Habibi M, Saidian L. Unacceptable results with an accepted soft tissue filler: polyacrylamide hydrogel.  Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2010;  34 413-422
• 41 Wolter T P, Pallua N. Removal of the permanent filler polyacrylamide hydrogel (aquamid) is possible and easy even after several years.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;  126 138e-139e
• 42 Christensen L, Breiting V, Janssen M, Vuust J, Hogdall E. Adverse reactions to injectable soft tissue permanent fillers.  Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2005;  29 34-48
• 43 Requena C, Izquierdo M J, Navarro M et al.. Adverse reactions to injectable aesthetic microimplants.  Am J Dermatopathol. 2001;  23 197-202
• 44 Sidwell R U, Dhillon A P, Butler P E, Rustin M H. Localized granulomatous reaction to a semi-permanent hyaluronic acid and acrylic hydrogel cosmetic filler.  Clin Exp Dermatol. 2004;  29 630-632