Abstract
Dopamine (DA) neurons originating in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area
project to a variety of forebrain structures thereby forming a complex neuromodulatory
system that is essential for numerous motor, cognitive and motivational processes.
DA neurons can operate in distinct temporal modes, i. e. they display responses across
varying timescales including fast phasic changes of DA release on a seconds time scale
and slower phasic changes in a minutes to hour range. Furthermore, tonic levels of
DA provide a DA receptor ‘tone’. Here we briefly highlight findings indicating that
temporally distinct responses of DA neurons in the prefrontal cortex and striatum
are related to different kinds of information and may serve dissociable behavioural
functions. Furthermore we consider how DA neuronal activity and temporarily distinct
patterns of DA release are regulated and summarize some relevant findings on the basic
neuroanatomy of ascending DA systems. A better understanding of the specific functions
of phasic and tonic DA signals will be critical for determining the role of DA in
behaviour in detail.
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Correspondence
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Hauber
Institute of Biology Department of Animal Physiology
University of Stuttgart
Pfaffenwaldring 57
D-70550 Stuttgart
Germany
Phone: +49-711-685 65003
Fax: +49-711-685 55003
Email: hauber@bio.uni-stuttgart.de