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DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1245150
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Zusammenhang zwischen oxidativem Stress und immunologischen Störungen beim Glaukom
Relationship between Oxidatve Stress and Autoimmunity in GlaucomaPublication History
Eingegangen: 14.12.2009
Angenommen: 18.1.2010
Publication Date:
12 February 2010 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Das Glaukom ist eine der häufigsten Ursachen für irreversible Erblindung weltweit. Die Erhöhung des intraokulären Druckes (IOD) stellt den wichtigsten Risikofaktor dar. Jedoch entwickelt eine Vielzahl von Patienten ein Glaukom, ohne dass ein erhöhter IOD bei ihnen besteht. Wir konnten in zahlreichen Studien zeigen, dass Glaukompatienten veränderte Immunreaktivitäten gegen okuläre Antigene im Vergleich zu Gesunden zeigen. Dies weist auf eine Veränderung ihrer natürlichen Autoimmunität und somit auf eine autoimmune Komponente bei der Glaukomerkrankung hin. Der zugrunde liegende Mechanismus dieser autoimmunen Vorgänge ist dabei weitestgehend unklar. Es gibt jedoch Hinweise darauf, dass freie Sauerstoffradikale die Fähigkeit von Gliazellen verändern können, als Antigene erkannt zu werden. Des Weiteren muss man davon ausgehen, dass im Rahmen von oxidativen Vorgängen im Verlauf des Alterungsprozesses es zu posttranslationalen Veränderungen, z. B. Oxidationen der okulären Antigene, kommt und diese in ihrer Zahl mit dem Alter zunehmen. Denkbar ist, dass diese veränderten Antigene dann auch solche Veränderungen „triggern” könnten. In einem autoimmunen Glaukom-Tiermodell konnten wir zeigen, dass die immunologischen Vorgänge nach Immunisierung zu einem Verlust von retinalen Ganglienzellen führen können. Auch wenn die Rolle der Veränderungen in der Antikörperantwort weitgehend unklar ist, könnte diese zu neuen Biomarkern für die frühzeitige Erkennung der Erkrankung und möglicherweise auch zu innovativen therapeutischen Ansätzen führen.
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure does not explain glaucoma in all patients, but there is information that autoimmune mechanisms may be involved in this disorder. We have demonstrated in several studies that glaucoma patients reveal changes in their immune reactivities against ocular antigens. The mechanisms of these reactivities are still widely unknown, but oxidative pathways could play a major role. There is evidence that free radicals are able to alter the ability of glial cells to be recognized as antigens. Furthermore, one can assume that during the aging process posttranslational changes, e. g., oxidation of ocular antigens increase with age. It is feasible that these changed antigens may trigger such changes. in an autoimmune glaucoma animal model we have shown that immunological processes after immunisation can lead to a loss of retinal ganglion cells. Considering that these changes in natural autoimmunity can be found consistently amongst different study populations, it might be a promising new tool for glaucoma diagnosis and new therapeutic immunomodulating options.
Schlüsselwörter
Glaukom - Autoimmunität - oxidativer Stress
Key words
glaucoma - autoimmunity - oxidative stress
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PD Dr. Dr. Franz H. Grus
Universitäts-Augenklinik, Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität
55101 Mainz
Phone: ++ 49/61 31/17 33 28
Email: grus@eye-research.org