Minimally Invasive Orthognathic Surgery

ABSTRACT

Minimally invasive surgery is defined as the discipline in which operative procedures are performed in novel ways to diminish the sequelae of standard surgical dissections. The goals of minimally invasive surgery are to reduce tissue trauma and to minimize bleeding, edema, and injury, thereby improving the rate and quality of healing. In orthognathic surgery, there are two minimally invasive techniques that can be used separately or in combination: (1) endoscopic exposure and (2) distraction osteogenesis. This article describes the historical developments of the fields of orthognathic surgery and minimally invasive surgery, as well as the integration of the two disciplines. Indications, techniques, and the most current outcome data for specific minimally invasive orthognathic surgical procedures are presented.

KEYWORDS

Orthognathic surgery - minimally invasive - endoscopy - distraction osteogenesis - technique

REFERENCES

• 1 Hunter J G. Minimally invasive surgery: the next frontier.  World J Surg. 1999;  23 422-424
• 2 Williams W B, Abukawa H, Shuster V, Kaban L B, Troulis M J. A comparison of postoperative edema after intra-oral vs. endsocopic mandibular ramus osteotomy.  J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;  61(Suppl) 61a-62
• 3 Ilizarov G A. A method of uniting bones in fractures and an apparatus to implement this method. USSR Authorship Certificate 98471, filed. 1952
• 4 McCarthy J G, Schreiber J, Karp N, Thorne C H, Grayson B H. Lengthening the human mandible by gradual distraction.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992;  89 1-8
• 5 Perrott D H, Umeda H, Kaban L B. Costochondral graft construction/reconstruction of the ramus/condyle unit: long-term follow-up.  Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994;  23 321-328
• 6 Troulis M J, Padwa B, Kaban L B. Distraction osteogenesis: past, present, and future.  Facial Plast Surg. 1998;  14 205-215
• 7 Hullihen S P. Case of elongation of the underjaw and distortion of the face and neck, caused by a burn, successfully treated.  Am J Dent Sci. 1849;  9 157
• 8 Berger P. Du traitement chirurgical du prognathisme. Lyon, France; Med These 1897
• 9 Blair V P. Operations of the jaw-bone and face.  Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1907;  4 67-78
• 10 Deranian H M. Miracle Man of the Western Front: Dr. Varaztad H. Kazanjian, Pioneer Plastic Surgeon. Worcester, MA; Chandler House Press 2007
• 11 Hinds E C, Kent J N. Surgical Treatment of Developmental Jaw Deformities. St. Louis, MO; CV Mosby 1972
• 12 Obwegeser H. The indications for surgical correction of mandibular deformity by the sagittal splitting technique.  Br J Oral Surg. 1964;  2 157-171
• 13 Wyatt W M. Sagittal ramus split osteotomy: literature review and suggested modification of technique.  Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997;  35 137-141
• 14 von Langenbeck B. Beitrag zur Osteoplastik – die osteoplastische resektion des oberkiefers. In: Göschen H Deutsche Klinik. Berlin, Germany; Reimer 1859
• 15 Moloney F, Worthington P. The origin of the Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy: Cheever's operation.  J Oral Surg. 1981;  39 731-734
• 16 Bell W H. Biological basis for maxillary osteotomies.  Am J Phys Anthropol. 1973;  38 279-289
• 17 Hausamen J E. The scientific development of maxillofacial surgery in the 20th century and an outlook into the future.  J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2001;  29 2-21
• 18 Steinhäuser E W. Historical development of orthognathic surgery.  J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1996;  24 195-204
• 19 Spiessl B. New Concepts in Maxillofacial Bone Surgery. New York, NY; Springer-Verlag 1976
• 20 Cockett W S, Cockett A T. The Hopkins rod-lens system and the Storz cold light illumination system.  Urology. 1998;  51(Suppl) 1-2
• 21 Semm K. Laparoscopic appendectomy.  Endoscopy. 1983;  15 59-64
• 22 Troulis M J, Perrott D H, Kaban L B. Endoscopic mandibular osteotomy, and placement and activation of a semiburied distractor.  J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;  57 1110-1113
• 23 Codivilla A. On the means of lengthening, in the lower limbs, the muscles and tissues which are shortened through deformity.  Am J Orthop Surg. 1904;  2 353-369
• 24 Ilizarov G A. The principles of Ilizarov method: 1988.  Bull Hosp Jt Dis. 1997;  56 49-53
• 25 Wassmund M. Grakturen und Luxationen des Gesicht-schadels. Berlin, Germany; Meuser 1926: 360
• 26 Rosenthal W. In: Sonntag E, Rosenthal W Lehrbuch der Mund und Kieferchirurgie. Leipzig, Germany; Georg Thieme 1930: 173-175
• 27 Snyder C C, Levine G A, Swanson H M, Browne E Z. Mandibular lengthening by gradual distraction: preliminary report.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 1973;  51 506-508
• 28 Ritter L, Yeshwant K, Seldin E B et al.. Range of curvilinear distraction devices required for treatment of mandibular deformities.  J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;  64 259-264
• 29 Pereira M A, Luiz de Freitas P H, da Rosa T F, Xavier C B. Understanding distraction osteogenesis on the maxillofacial complex: a literature review.  J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;  65 2518-2523
• 30 Swennen G, Schliephake H, Dempf R, Schierle H, Malevez C. Craniofacial distraction osteogenesis: a review of the literature. Part 1: clinical studies.  Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;  30 89-103
• 31 Shetye P R, Boutros S, Grayson B H, McCarthy J G. Midterm follow-up of midface distraction for syndromic craniosynostosis: a clinical and cephalometric study.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;  120 1621-1632
• 32 Perrott D H, Berger R, Vargervik K, Kaban L B. Use of a skeletal distraction device to widen the mandible: a case report.  J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993;  51 435-439
• 33 Fukuda M, Lino M, Yamaoka K, Ohnuki T, Nagai H, Takahashi T. Two-stage distraction osteogenesis for mandibular segmental defect.  J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;  62 1164-1168
• 34 Block M S, Otten J, McLaurin D, Zoidds J. Bifocal distraction osteogenesis for mandibular defect healing: case reports.  J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;  54 1365-1370
• 35 Troulis M J, Ramirez J L, Kaban L B. Endoscopic approach for mandibular orthognathic surgery.  Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2006;  14 45-50
• 36 Troulis M J, Kaban L B. Endsocopic vertical ramus osteotomy: early clinical results.  J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;  62 824-828
• 37 Troulis M J, Kaban L B. Endoscopic approach to the ramus/condyle unit: clinical applications.  J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;  59 503-509
• 38 Troulis M J, Williams W B, Kaban L B. Endsocopic mandibular condylectomy and reconstruction: early clinical results.  J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;  62 460-465
• 39 Bendahan G. Distraction Osteogenesis Versus Bilateral Split Osteotomy for Mandibular Advancement [master's thesis]. Boston, MA; Harvard School of Dental Medicine 2005
• 40 Stammberger H. The evolution of functional endosocopic sinus surgery.  Ear Nose Throat J. 1994;  73 454-455
• 41 Kennedy D W. Technical innovations and the evolution of endoscopic sinus surgery.  Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 2006;  196 3-12
• 42 Buchmann L, Larsen C, Pollack A, Tawfik O, Sykes K, Hoover L A. Endsocopic techniques in resection of anterior skull base/paranasal sinus malignancies.  Laryngoscope. 2006;  116 1749-1754
• 43 Stammberger H, Anderhuber W, Walch C, Papaefthymiou G. Possibilities and limitations of endoscopic management of nasal and paranasal sinus malignancies.  Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1999;  53 199-205
• 44 Engelke W, Deckwer I. Endsocopically controlled sinus floor augmentation: a preliminary report.  Clin Oral Implants Res. 1997;  8 527-531
• 45 Raut V V, Yung M W, Logan B M. Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy: anatomical approach.  Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord). 2000;  121 53-55
• 46 Kuppersmith R B, Alford E L, Patrinely J R, Lee A G, Parke R B, Holds J B. Combined transconjunctival/intranasal endoscopic approach to the optic canal in traumatic optic neuropathy.  Laryngoscope. 1997;  107 311-315
• 47 Ramirez O M. Endoscopic full facelift.  Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1994;  18 363-371
• 48 Viksraitis S, Astrauskas T, Karbonskiene A, Budnikas G. Endoscopic aesthetic facial surgery: technique and results.  Medicina (Kaunas). 2004;  40 149-155
• 49 Sakai Y, Kobayashi S, Sekiguchi J, Ohmori K. New method of endsocopic pterygomaxillary disjunction for a Le Fort type 1 osteotomy.  J Craniofac Surg. 1996;  7 111-116
• 50 Wiltfang J, Kessler P. Endoscopically assisted Le Fort 1 osteotomy to correct transverse and sagittal discrepancies of the maxilla.  J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;  60 1142-1145
• 51 Rohner D, Yeow V, Hammer B. Endoscopically assisted Le Fort 1 osteotomy.  J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2001;  29 360-365
• 52 Rohner D, Yeow V, Hammer B. [Endscopically assisted Le Fort 1 osteotomy: a study in human cadaver heads].  Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir. 2003;  7 14-18
• 53 Rohner D, Yeow V K. Endoscopic approaches to maxillary orthognathic surgery.  Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2006;  14 51-55
• 54 Shumrick K A, Ryzenman J M. Endoscopic management of facial fractures.  Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2001;  9 469-474
• 55 Pham A M, Strong E B. Endoscopic management of facial fractures.  Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;  14 234-241
• 56 Chen C T, Lai J P, Tung T C, Chen Y R. Endoscopically assisted mandibular subcondylar fracture repair.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;  103 60-65
• 57 Kellman R M. Endsocopically assisted repair of subcondylar fractures of the mandible: an evolving technique.  Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2003;  5 244-250
• 58 Miloro M. Endoscopic-assisted repair of subcondylar fractures.  Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2003;  96 387-391
• 59 Kellman R M. Endoscopic approach to subcondylar mandible fractures.  Facial Plast Surg. 2004;  20 239-247
• 60 Schön R, Fakler O, Gellrich N C, Schmelzeisen R. Five-year experience with the transoral endoscopically assisted treatment of displaced conylar mandible fractures.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;  116 44-50
• 61 Czerwinski M, Lee C. Traumatic arch injury: indications and an endoscopic method of repair.  Facial Plast Surg. 2004;  20 231-238
• 62 Chen C T, Chen Y R. Endoscopically assisted repair of orbital floor fractures.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;  108 2011-2018
• 63 Strong E B. Endoscopic repair of orbital blow-out fractures.  Facial Plast Surg. 2004;  20 223-230
• 64 Jin H R, Yeon J Y, Shin S O, Choi Y S, Lee D W. Endoscopic versus external repair of orbital blowout fractures.  Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;  136 38-44
• 65 Chen D J, Chen C T, Chen Y R, Feng G M. Endoscopically assisted repair of frontal sinus fracture.  J Trauma. 2003;  55 378-382
• 66 Ghali G E, Sikes J W. Intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy as the preferred treatment of mandibular prognathism.  J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000;  58 313-315
• 67 Yoshioka I, Khanal A, Tominaga K, Horie A, Furuta N, Fukuda J. Vertical ramus versus sagittal split osteotomies: comparison of stability after mandibular setback.  J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;  66 1138-1144
• 68 August M, Marchena J, Donady J, Kaban L. Neurosensory deficit and functional impairment after sagittal ramus osteotomy: a long-term follow-up study.  J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998;  56 1231-1235
• 69 Ylikontiola L, Kinnunen J, Oikarinen K. Factors affecting neurosensory disturbance after mandibular bilateral sagittal split osteotomy.  J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000;  58 1234-1239
• 70 Al-Bishri A, Rosenquist J, Sunzel B. On neurosensory disturbance after sagittal split osteotomy.  J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;  62 1472-1476
• 71 van Strijen P J, Breuning A G, Perdijk F B, Tuinzing D B. Complications in bilateral mandibular distraction osteogenesis using internal devices.  Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2003;  96 392-397
• 72 Hierl T, Hemprich A. Endoscopically assisted intraoral mandibular distraction osteogenesis.  Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;  30 339-341
• 73 Troulis M J, Glowacki J, Perrott D H, Kaban L B. Effects of latency and rate on bone formation in a porcine mandibular distraction model.  J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000;  58 507-513
• 74 Padwa B L. Orthognathic surgery in the growing child. In: Kaban LB, Troulis MJ Pediatric Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Philadelphia, PA; WB Saunders 2004: 377-400
• 75 Kaban L B. Acquired abnormalities of the temporomandibular joint. In: Kaban LB, Troulis MJ Pediatric Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Philadelphia, PA; WB Saunders 2004: 340-376
• 76 Papadaki M E, Tayebaty F, Kaban L B, Troulis M J. Condylar resorption.  Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2007;  19 223-234
• 77 Troulis M J, Tayebaty F T, Papadaki M, Williams W B, Kaban L B. Condylectomy and costochondral graft reconstruction for treatment of active idiopathic condylar resorption.  J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;  66 65-72
• 78 Wolford L M, Mehra P, Reiche-Fishel O, Morales-Ryan C A, Garcia-Morales P. Efficacy of high condylectomy for management of condylar hyperplasia.  Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002;  121 136-150
• 79 Kramer F J, Baethge C, Swennen G et al.. Intra- and perioperative complications of the LeFort 1 osteotomy: a prospective evaluation of 1000 patients.  J Craniofac Surg. 2004;  15 971-977