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DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1109684
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Evidenzbasierte Diagnostik hereditärer Netzhautdystrophien 2009
Evidence-Based Diagnostic Approach to Inherited Retinal Dystrophies 2009Publication History
Eingegangen: 19.3.2009
Angenommen: 20.7.2009
Publication Date:
15 September 2009 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Hereditäre Netzhautdystrophien bilden eine heterogene Gruppe erblicher Erkrankungen mit einem sehr variablen klinischen Erscheinungsbild und multiplen assoziierten Genen. Diagnostik und Differenzialdiagnostik sind daher schwierig. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, Leitlinien für eine effektive Diagnostik zu geben. Methoden: Literaturrecherche und Auswertung eigener Erfahrungen mit klinischer (n = 3200) und molekulargenetischer (n = 4050) Diagnostik von Patienten mit Netzhautdystrophien. Ergebnisse: Für eine frühzeitige Diagnosestellung von Netzhautdystrophien ist deren Einbeziehung in die Differenzialdiagnose unklarer Sehstörungen von wesentlicher Bedeutung. Wichtigster diagnostischer Test ist das Ganzfeld-Elektroretinogramm (ERG), mit welchem generalisierte Netzhautdystrophien nachgewiesen werden können. Bei einem normalen ERG-Befund ist ein multifokales ERG zur Abklärung von Makuladystrophien indiziert. Fundusautofluoreszenz, Nah-Infrarot-Autofluoreszenz und hochauflösende optische Kohärenztomografie verbessern die Frühdiagnose, da morphologische Veränderungen bereits vor ophthalmoskopisch sichtbaren Veränderungen nachweisbar sein können. Darüber hinaus stellen diese nichtinvasiven bildgebenden Verfahren neue Phänomene dar, die für die Differenzialdiagnose, Verlaufskontrolle und das Verständnis der Pathogenese von Netzhautdystrophien wesentlich sind. Für eine zunehmende Anzahl hereditärer Netzhauterkrankungen besteht heute die Möglichkeit einer routinemäßigen molekulargenetischen Diagnostik. Eine möglichst genaue klinische Diagnosestellung ist hierbei unentbehrlich, um gezielt nach Mutationen in ausgewählten Genen suchen zu können. Ist eine genetische Untersuchung indiziert, empfiehlt sich die Kontaktaufnahme zu einem Humangenetiker vor Ort, um eine genetische Beratung der Familie einzuleiten sowie den konkreten Untersuchungsablauf und die Voraussetzungen für eine Kostenübernahme der Krankenkassen zu besprechen. Im Rahmen der humangenetischen Beratung wird in der Regel auch die molekulargenetische Diagnostik veranlasst und gegebenenfalls die Untersuchung weiterer Familienmitglieder koordiniert. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Kombination von elektrophysiologischer Diagnostik, bildgebenden Verfahren und molekulargenetischer Analyse erlaubt eine differenzierte Diagnose von Netzhautdystrophien und eine adäquate Beratung der Patienten. Bei Verdacht auf eine Netzhautdystrophie ist eine Überweisung des Patienten an ein Schwerpunktzentrum für Netzhautdystrophien zu empfehlen.
Abstract
Background: Hereditary retinal dystrophies comprise a heterogeneous group of inherited retinal disorders with variable clinical presentation and multiple associated genes. Clinical diagnosis and differential diagnosis are difficult. The purpose of the current paper is to provide guidelines for an effective diagnostic approach. Methods: A literature search was carried out and our own data on clinical (n = 3200) and molecular genetic (n = 4050) diagnosis of patients with retinal dystrophies were evaluated. Results: For an early diagnosis it is of importance to include inherited retinal dystrophies in the differential diagnosis of unexplained visual disturbances. The most important clinical test is the full-field electroretinogram (ERG), which allows detection or exclusion of generalised retinal dystrophies. If the full-field ERG is normal, a multifocal ERG will distinguish macular dystrophies. Fundus autofluorescence, near-infrared autofluorescence and high resolution optical coherence tomography improve the early diagnosis because morphological alterations can be detected prior to their ophthalmoscopic visibility. In addition, these non-invasive imaging techniques reveal new phenomena which are important for the differential diagnosis and follow-up of retinal dystrophies as well as for an improved understanding of their pathogenesis. Routine molecular genetic diagnosis is available for an increasing number of retinal dystrophies. A succinct clinical diagnosis is a prerequisite to allow selection of the gene(s) to be analysed. If genetic testing is indicated, a human geneticist should be involved for counselling of the patient and possibly further family members and initiation of the necessary steps for DNA testing. Conclusion: The combination of electrophysiological testing, retinal imaging and molecular genetic analysis allows a differentiated diagnosis of inherited retinal dystrophies and an individual counselling of patients. If inherited retinal dystrophies are suspected, a detailed examination in a retinal centre specialised on inherited retinal dystrophies is recommended.
Schlüsselwörter
Netzhautdystrophie - Elektrophysiologie - Genetik - Fundusautofluoreszenz - Optische Kohärenztomografie
Key words
retinal dystrophy - electrophysiology - genetics - fundus autofluorescence - optical coherence tomography
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Prof. Dr. Ulrich Kellner
RetinaScience,
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Email: kellneru@mac.com