Addressing the challenges and controversies of managing os odontoideum: results of a systematic review

Abstract

Introduction: Os odontoideum is a rare condition with a controversial pathogenesis and poorly understood natural history. As a result, it is difficult for clinicians to predict which patients require surgical fusion to prevent symptomatic progression and potentially devastating neurologic injury.

Methods: We undertook a systematic review of the literature to evaluate the clinical outcomes in the treatment of asymptomatic and symptomatic cases of os odontoideum. Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane, National Guideline Clearinghouse Databases as well as bibliographies of key articles were searched. Articles were reviewed by two independently working reviewers. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were set and each article was subject to a predefined quality rating scheme.

Results: We identified eleven articles meeting our inclusion criteria. Seven studies included patients with asymptomatic os odontoideum discovered incidentally from which it was possible to examine data on 18 individuals. Six studies were identified containing more than 15 patients with symptomatic os odontoideum.

Conclusion: The existing literature regarding both asymptomatic or symptomatic os odontoideum and its treatment is very limited. No definitive conclusions can be drawn from these studies. A basic approach to the management of os odontoideum is offered based on the findings of this study.

References

• 1 The Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and the Congress of Neurological Surgeons. .Os Odontoideum. SpineUniverse Web site. http://www.spineuniverse.com / pdf / traumaguide/19.pdf. Accessed August 15, 2009. 2001
• 2 Fielding J W, Hensinger R N, Hawkins R J. Os Odontoideum.  J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980;  62 376-383
• 3 Spierings E L, Braakman R. The management of os odontoideum. Analysis of 37 cases.  J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1982;  64 422-428
• 4 Sankar W N, Wills B P, Dormans J P. et al . Os odontoideum revisited: the case for a multifactorial etiology.  Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006;  31 979-984
• 5 Klimo Jr P, Kan P, Rao G. et al . Os odontoideum: presentation, diagnosis, and treatment in a series of 78 patients.  J Neurosurg Spine. 2008;  9 332-342
• 6 Juhl M, Seerup K K. Os odontoideum. A cause of atlanto-axial instability.  Acta Orthop Scand. 1983;  54 113-118
• 7 Morgan M K, Onofrio B M, Bender C E. Familial os odontoideum. Case report.  J Neurosurg. 1989;  70 636-639
• 8 Hickam H E, Morrissy R T. Os odontoideum detected on a lateral cephalogram of a 9-year-old orthodontic patient.  Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 190;  98 89-93
• 9 Forlin E, Herscovici D, Bowen J R. Understanding the os odontoideum.  Orthop Rev. 1992;  21 1441-1447
• 10 Dai L, Yuan W, Ni B. et al . Os odontoideum: etiology, diagnosis, and management.  Surg Neurol. 2000;  53 106-108
• 11 Menezes A H. Pathogenesis, dynamics, and management of os odontoideum.  Neurosurg Focus. 1999;  6 e2
• 12 Gluf W M, Brockmeyer D L. Atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation: a review of surgical indications, fusion rate, complications, and lessons learned in 67 pediatric patients.  J Neurosurg Spine. 2005;  2 164-169