Summary
In 1942 Kalk presented his paper “Progress in Laparoscopy.” In the meantime some important improvements were published. The development of a precisely working mirror reflex camera, the so called cold light with its brillant, color proven illumination of the peritoneal cavity, the flash light, especially the intraabdominal use of minute flash light bulbs, the development of color film material as well as the most important enhancement of the quality of modern endoscopes contributed to a broader clinical application of the laparoscopy technique.
Key-Words
Laparoscope - optical systems - camera illumination - photo-laparoscopy
