Zusammenfassung
Intrakranielle arterielle Stenosen (IAS) finden sich bei Kaukasiern bei etwa 6,5–8 %
aller ischämischen Schlaganfälle. Patienten mit einer symptomatischen IAS haben trotz
medikamentöser Sekundärprophylaxe innerhalb eines Jahres ein hohes Reinsultrisiko
von bis zu 12 % in dem zugehörigen Gefäßterritorium. Dabei haben IAS mit einem Stenosegrad
≥ 70 % das höchste Reinsultrisiko / Jahr (19 %), während das Risiko bei Stenosen < 70 %
jährlich bei ca. 6 % liegt. Weitere nachgewiesene Prädiktoren für einen erneuten Schlaganfall
sind weibliches Geschlecht, systolischer Blutdruck ≥ 140 mm Hg sowie ein Gesamtcholesterinwert
≥ 200 mg / dl. Die digitale Subtraktionsangiografie stellt weiterhin den Goldstandard
in der Diagnose und Stenosegraduierung einer IAS dar, eignet sich aber aufgrund ihrer
Invasivität nicht als Screeninguntersuchung. Als nicht invasive Untersuchungsmethode
ist die CT-Angiografie der MR-Angiografie aufgrund einer höheren Sensitivität und
Spezifität vorzuziehen. Daneben eignet sich die transkranielle Doppler- / Duplexsonografie
als Bedside-Verfahren sowohl in der Akutdiagnostik insbesondere zum Ausschluss einer
IAS, als auch für Verlaufsuntersuchungen. Nach den Ergebnissen der Warfarin versus
Aspirin for Symptomatic Intracranial Stenosis (WASID)-Studie sollte bei symptomatischen
IAS zunächst eine medikamentöse Sekundärprophylaxe mit Azetylsalizylsäure erfolgen.
Eine orale Antikoagulation kann aufgrund einer signifikant erhöhten Blutungsrate und
Mortalität nicht empfohlen werden. Bei einem unter Thrombozytenfunktionshemmern auftretenden
erneuten ischämischen Schlaganfall / TIA im Gefäßterritorium der symptomatischen IAS
kann insbesondere bei Stenosen ≥ 70 % eine interventionelle (stentgestützte) Angioplastie
in einem spezialisierten Zentrum erfolgen. Durch die zunehmende Erfahrung der interventionell
tätigen Neuroradiologen liegt die periprozedurale Komplikationsrate in aktuellen Studien
zwischen 6 und 7 %. Eine randomisierte Studie, die bei symptomatischen IAS die medikamentöse
Sekundärprophylaxe mit der interventionellen Therapie vergleicht, ist bisher nicht
durchgeführt worden.
Abstract
In Caucasians, approximately 6.5 to 8 % of ischaemic strokes are caused by intracranial
arterial stenosis (IAS). In spite of medical prevention, patients with symptomatic
IAS have a high annual risk for recurrent ischaemic stroke of about 12 %. High-grade
IAS (≥ 70 %) is associated with the highest recurrent stroke risk (19 %), compared
to 6 % in patients with a stenosis < 70 %. Other independent predictors for recurrent
stroke include female sex, systolic blood pressure > 140 mm Hg and total cholesterol
> 200 mg / dl. Digital subtraction angiography remains the gold standard for diagnosis
and grading of IAS but is not appropriate as a screening tool. Non-invasive imaging
techniques include computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) angiography,
or transcranial Doppler and duplex ultrasound examinations. CT angiography is preferred
over MR angiography due to its higher sensitivity and specifity. Bedside transcranial
Doppler and Duplex ultrasound can reliably exclude IAS in patients with acute cerebral
ischaemia and is a non-invasive method for follow-up examinations. The Warfarin versus
Aspirin for Symptomatic Intracranial Stenosis trial (WASID) showed that aspirin was
as effective as warfarin in the prevention of recurrent stroke or vascular death,
but had a significantly lower rate of major haemorrhage and mortality. IAS patients
who suffer a recurrent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack under aspirin
can be treated with endovascular stenting or angioplasty in specialised centres. The
periprocedural complication rate of these endovascular techniques is about 6–7 % in
experienced neuro-interventional centres. To date, no randomised study comparing medical
secondary prevention and endovascular therapy has been completed.
Schlüsselwörter
intrakranielle Stenose - ischämischer Schlaganfall - endovaskuläre Therapie
Key words
intracranial stenosis - ischemic stroke - endovascular therapy
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Dr. med. Ralph Weber
Universitätsklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen
Hufelandstr. 55
45122 Essen
Email: weberralph@yahoo.com