Blood Levels and Composition of Leukocyte–Platelet Aggregates in Inflammatory Diseases of Various Etiologies

Abstract

Background

Leukocyte–platelet aggregates (LPAs) play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, linking pathological immune responses with thrombosis.

Material and Methods

The levels of LPAs, their composition, and cellular reactivity were determined in patients with distinct inflammatory conditions, namely coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), compared with healthy controls. Flow cytometry was used to identify cell types and measure LPA levels in the blood. The ability of platelets, neutrophils, and monocytes to form additional LPAs in response to hyperstimulation with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) was assessed. Coaggregation of isolated neutrophils and platelets in vitro was visualized using scanning electron microscopy. Blood tests included coagulation, hematology, biochemistry, and immunology.

Results

LPA levels were significantly higher in all patient groups compared with controls, with variations in the composition: neutrophil–platelet aggregates predominated in the COVID-19 patients, whereas monocyte–platelet aggregates prevailed in the blood of RA and SLE patients. Platelet-to-leukocyte ratios within aggregates varied in a broad range with a substantial prevalence of platelets over leukocytes. Morphological analysis revealed coaggregation of platelets with neutrophils, including relatively large homotypic platelet aggregates associated with one or two neutrophils. In PMA-treated pathological blood samples from COVID-19, RA, and SLE patients, the ability to form additional LPAs over the patients' baseline level was reduced compared with normal blood samples, indicating impaired reactivity (exhaustion) of neutrophils and monocytes in all patient groups.

Conclusion

This study highlights distinct changes in the number and composition of LPAs in inflammatory diseases of various etiologies associated with altered functionality of the innate immune cells.

Keywords

leukocyte–platelet aggregates - neutrophils - monocytes - platelets - COVID-19 - system lupus erythematosus - rheumatoid arthritis

Data Availability Statement

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its [Supplementary Materials] (available in the online version only). Original data reported in this manuscript have not been deposited in any public database, but they are available by contacting Dr. Alina D. Peshkova at [e-mail].

^‡ These authors contributed equally to this article.

Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 22. Juli 2025

Angenommen nach Revision: 10. November 2025

Accepted Manuscript online:
12. November 2025

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
04. Dezember 2025

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