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Am J Perinatol 2026; 43(01): 136-144
DOI: 10.1055/a-2548-0737
Short Communication

Racial Disparities in the Adherence to an Enhanced Recovery after Cesarean Protocol (ERAC): A Retrospective Observational Study at Two NYC Hospitals, 2016–2020

Authors

  • Abbey T. Gilman

    1   Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian, Weill Cornell, New York, New York

  • Jessica Kim

    2   Department of Population Health Sciences, New York-Presbyterian, Weill Cornell, New York, New York

  • Silis Y. Jiang

    1   Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian, Weill Cornell, New York, New York

  • Sharon E. Abramovitz

    1   Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian, Weill Cornell, New York, New York

  • Robert S. White

    1   Department of Anesthesiology, New York-Presbyterian, Weill Cornell, New York, New York

Funding This work was supported by the Foundation for Anesthesia Education and Research (FAER) Mentored Research Training grant (MRTG; identifier: MRTG-08–15–2021-White [Robert]).
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Abstract

Objective

Enhanced recovery after surgery programs for cesarean deliveries (ERAC) aim to optimize the quality of care for all patients. Race is not routinely monitored in ERAC programs. Given the extensive reports of racial disparities in obstetrical care, the goal of this study was to investigate racial differences in adherence rates to individual ERAC protocol elements.

Study Design

A cohort study was performed among cesarean delivery patients enrolled in an ERAC program at two hospitals from October 2016 to September 2020. Compliance with anesthesia-specific ERAC metrics, including ketorolac, ondansetron, and active warming methods, were compared by race. Race was self-reported by all patients. Logistic regression models stratified by pre- and post-ERAC status were used to assess relationships.

Results

The sample consisted of 7,812 cesarean delivery patients, of which 4,640 were pre-ERAC (59.4%) and 3,172 were post-ERAC (40.6%). There were no racial differences found in overall ERAC protocol adherence, active warming methods, or ondansetron administration in the pre- and post-ERAC groups. The odds of ketorolac administration in Black patients (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55–0.95; p = 0.020) and Asian patients (aOR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.68–0.98; p = 0.027) pre-ERAC were significantly lower compared with white patients. In the post-ERAC group, this disparity persisted in Black (aOR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.65–0.99; p = 0.042) and Asian patients (aOR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.73–0.98; p = 0.023).

Conclusion

Appropriate implementation and adherence to all elements of the ERAC program may provide a practical approach to reducing disparities in outcomes and ensuring equitable treatment for all patients.

Key Points

  • No racial differences were found in ondansetron administration pre- and post-ERAC.

  • No racial differences were found in active warming methods pre- and post-ERAC.

  • Black patients had significantly lower odds of ketorolac administration pre- and post-ERAC.

  • Asian patients had significantly lower odds of ketorolac administration pre- and post-ERAC.

  • ERAC metrics must be routinely monitored by race to resolve any observed inequities.

Keywords

cesarean delivery - ERAS - health care disparities - maternal health - obstetric - social determinants of health

Authors' Contributions

A.G.: Investigation, visualization, project administration, and writing—original draft, review, and editing.

J.K.: Methodology, validation, formal analysis, visualization, and writing—review and editing.

S.J.: Methodology, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, and writing—review and editing.

S.A.: Conceptualization and writing—review and editing.

R.W.: Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition, and writing—original draft, review, and editing.


Supplementary Material



Publication History

Received: 05 December 2024

Accepted: 27 February 2025

Article published online:
29 March 2025

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