Abstract
Objective This proof-of-concept study assessed how confidently an artificial intelligence (AI)
model can determine the sex of a fetus from an ultrasound image.
Study Design Analysis was performed using 19,212 ultrasound image slices from a high-volume fetal
sex determination practice. This dataset was split into a training set (11,769) and
test set (7,443). A computer vision model was trained using a transfer learning approach
with EfficientNetB4 architecture as base. The performance of the computer vision model
was evaluated on the hold out test set. Accuracy, Cohen's Kappa and Multiclass Receiver
Operating Characteristic area under the curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the performance
of the model.
Results The AI model achieved an Accuracy of 88.27% on the holdout test set and a Cohen's
Kappa score 0.843. The ROC AUC score for Male was calculated to be 0.896, for Female
a score of 0.897, for Unable to Assess a score of 0.916, and for Text Added a score
of 0.981 was achieved.
Conclusion This novel AI model proved to have a high rate of fetal sex capture that could be
of significant use in areas where ultrasound expertise is not readily available.
Key Points
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This is the first proof-of-concept AI model to determine fetal sex.
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This study adds to the growing research in ultrasound AI.
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Our findings demonstrate AI integration into obstetric care.
Keywords
artificial intelligence - machine learning - ultrasound - fetal sex
