Evidence-Based Medicine: Facial Reanimation

Abstract

This article provides a brief historical overview of the assessment instruments that have been developed to categorize the severity of disease in patients with facial palsy. Important advances in the quality of these instruments are discussed. The modern-day instruments that are commonly required for evidence-based patient assessment are then presented, with emphasis on the level of evidence of the studies that describe these instruments.

Keywords

facial palsy - facial paralysis - patient-reported outcome

Publikationsverlauf

Accepted Manuscript online:
31. Januar 2023

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
16. März 2023

• References

• 1 Shindo M. Management of facial nerve paralysis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1999; 32 (05) 945-964
• 2 Ayoub NF, Abdelwahab M, Zhang M. et al. Facial paralysis and communicative participation: the importance of facial symmetry at rest. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2020; 129 (08) 788-794
• 3 van Veen MM, Tavares-Brito J, van Veen BM. et al. Association of regional facial dysfunction with facial palsy-related quality of life. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2019; 21 (01) 32-37
• 4 Yamamoto E, Nishimura H, Hirono Y. Occurrence of sequelae in Bell's palsy. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1988; 446 (S446): 93-96
• 5 Fattah AY, Gurusinghe ADR, Gavilan J. et al; Sir Charles Bell Society. Facial nerve grading instruments: systematic review of the literature and suggestion for uniformity. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 135 (02) 569-579
• 6 Revenaugh PC, Smith RM, Plitt MA, Ishii L, Boahene K, Byrne PJ. Use of objective metrics in dynamic facial reanimation a systematic review. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2018; 20 (06) 501-508
• 7 Berner JE, Kamalathevan P, Kyriazidis I, Nduka C. Facial synkinesis outcome measures: a systematic review of the available grading systems and a Delphi study to identify the steps towards a consensus. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2019; 72 (06) 946-963
• 8 Dusseldorp JR, van Veen MM, Mohan S, Hadlock TA. Outcome tracking in facial palsy. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2018; 51 (06) 1033-1050
• 9 Kang TS, Vrabec JT, Giddings N, Terris DJ. Facial nerve grading systems (1985-2002): beyond the House-Brackmann scale. Otol Neurotol 2002; 23 (05) 767-771
• 10 Banks CA, Bhama PK, Park J, Hadlock CR, Hadlock TA. Clinician-graded electronic facial paralysis assessment: the eFACE. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 136 (02) 223e-230e
• 11 Sackett DL. Evidence-based medicine. Semin Perinatol 1997; 21 (01) 3-5
• 12 Djulbegovic B, Guyatt GH. Progress in evidence-based medicine: a quarter century on. Lancet 2017; 390 (10092): 415-423
• 13 OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group. “The Oxford Levels of Evidence 2.” Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Accessed February 16, 2023 at: https://www.cebm.ox.ac.uk/resources/levels-of-evidence/ocebm-levels-of-evidence
• 14 Botman JWM, Jongkees LBW. The result of intratemporal treatment of facial palsy. Pract Otorhinolaryngol (Basel) 1955; 17 (02) 80-100
• 15 Yanagihara N. Grading of facial palsy. In: Facial Nerve Surgery, Proceedings, Third International Symposium on Facial Nerve Surgery, Aesculapius, Birmingham, AL, Zurich, 1976
• 16 May M. Facial paralysis, peripheral type: a proposed method of reporting. (Emphasis on diagnosis and prognosis, as well as electrical and chorda tympani nerve testing). Laryngoscope 1970; 80 (03) 331-390
• 17 House JW. Facial nerve grading systems. Laryngoscope 1983; 93 (08) 1056-1069
• 18 House JW, Brackmann DE. Facial nerve grading system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1985; 93 (02) 146-147
• 19 Hughes GB. Committee on facial nerve disorders: a national cooperative registry for facial nerve disorders. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990; 103 (5, Pt 1): 835-836
• 20 Ross BG, Fradet G, Nedzelski JM. Development of a sensitive clinical facial grading system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996; 114 (03) 380-386
• 21 Hadlock TA, Urban LS. Toward a universal, automated facial measurement tool in facial reanimation. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2012; 14 (04) 277-282
• 22 Guarin DL, Dusseldorp J, Hadlock TA, Jowett N. A machine learning approach for automated facial measurements in facial palsy. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2018; 20 (04) 335-337
• 23 Burres SA. Objective grading of facial paralysis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1986; 95 (3 Pt 1): 238-241
• 24 Croxson G, May M, Mester SJ. Grading facial nerve function: House-Brackmann versus Burres-Fisch methods. Am J Otol 1990; 11 (04) 240-246
• 25 Bray D, Henstrom DK, Cheney ML, Hadlock TA. Assessing outcomes in facial reanimation: evaluation and validation of the SMILE system for measuring lip excursion during smiling. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2010; 12 (05) 352-354
• 26 Hontanilla B, Aubá C. Automatic three-dimensional quantitative analysis for evaluation of facial movement. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008; 61 (01) 18-30
• 27 Sforza C, Galante D, Shirai YF, Ferrario VF. A three-dimensional study of facial mimicry in healthy young adults. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2010; 38 (06) 409-415
• 28 Codari M, Pucciarelli V, Stangoni F. et al. Facial thirds-based evaluation of facial asymmetry using stereophotogrammetric devices: application to facial palsy subjects. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2017; 45 (01) 76-81
• 29 Verhoeven T, Xi T, Schreurs R, Bergé S, Maal T. Quantification of facial asymmetry: a comparative study of landmark-based and surface-based registrations. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2016; 44 (09) 1131-1136
• 30 Kim SJ, Lee HY. Acute peripheral facial palsy: recent guidelines and a systematic review of the literature. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35 (30) e245
• 31 Banks CA, Jowett N, Hadlock TA. Test-retest reliability and agreement between in-person and video assessment of facial mimetic function using the eFACE facial grading system. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2017; 19 (03) 206-211
• 32 Miller MQ, Hadlock TA, Fortier E, Guarin DL. The Auto-eFACE: machine learning-enhanced program yields automated facial palsy assessment tool. Plast Reconstr Surg 2021; 147 (02) 467-474
• 33 Vrabec JT, Backous DD, Djalilian HR. et al; Facial Nerve Disorders Committee. Facial nerve grading system 2.0. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 140 (04) 445-450
• 34 Lee HY, Park MS, Byun JY, Chung JH, Na SY, Yeo SG. Agreement between the facial nerve grading system 2.0 and the house-Brackmann grading system in patients with bell palsy. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 6 (03) 135-139
• 35 Neely JG, Cherian NG, Dickerson CB, Nedzelski JM. Sunnybrook facial grading system: reliability and criteria for grading. Laryngoscope 2010; 120 (05) 1038-1045
• 36 Kanerva M, Poussa T, Pitkäranta A. Sunnybrook and House-Brackmann Facial Grading Systems: intrarater repeatability and interrater agreement. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006; 135 (06) 865-871
• 37 Kanerva M, Jonsson L, Berg T. et al. Sunnybrook and House-Brackmann systems in 5397 facial gradings. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011; 144 (04) 570-574
• 38 Banks CA, Jowett N, Azizzadeh B. et al. Worldwide testing of the eFACE facial nerve clinician-graded scale. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017; 139 (02) 491e-498e
• 39 Malka R, Miller M, Guarin D, Fullerton Z, Hadlock T, Banks C. Reliability between in-person and still photograph assessment of facial function in facial paralysis using the eFACE facial grading system. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med 2021; 23 (05) 344-349
• 40 Rozen SM. Discussion: worldwide testing of the eFACE facial nerve clinician-graded scale. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017; 139 (02) 499e-500e
• 41 Rodriguez Colon R, Park JJ, Boczar D. et al. Evaluating functional outcomes in reanimation surgery for chronic facial paralysis: a systematic review. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2021; 9 (03) e3492
• 42 Krane NA, Chen JS, Hanseler H. et al. Early outcomes in an emerging facial nerve center: the Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) experience. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2021; 130 (05) 459-466
• 43 Marston AP, Ziegler JP, Oyer SL. Masseteric-to-facial nerve transfer for treatment of pediatric facial paralysis: An initial report. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 157: 111134
• 44 Mabvuure NT, Pinto-Lopes R, Fernandez-Diaz O, Tzafetta K. The mini-temporalis turnover flap for midface reanimation: photogrammetric and patient-rated outcomes. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2020; 73 (12) 2185-2195
• 45 Iacolucci CM, Banks C, Jowett N. et al. Development and validation of a spontaneous smile assay. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2015; 17 (03) 191-196
• 46 Dusseldorp JR, van Veen MM, Guarin DL, Quatela O, Jowett N, Hadlock TA. Spontaneity assessment in dually innervated gracilis smile reanimation surgery. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2019; 21 (06) 551-557
• 47 Nascimben M, Ramsøy TZ. A minimal setup for spontaneous smile quantification applicable for valence detection. Front Psychol 2020; 11: 566354
• 48 Dusseldorp JR, Guarin DL, van Veen MM, Miller M, Jowett N, Hadlock TA. Automated spontaneity assessment after smile reanimation: a machine learning approach. Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 149 (06) 1393-1402
• 49 Dey JK, Ishii M, Boahene KDO, Byrne PJ, Ishii LE. Changing perception: facial reanimation surgery improves attractiveness and decreases negative facial perception. Laryngoscope 2014; 124 (01) 84-90
• 50 Dusseldorp JR, Guarin DL, van Veen MM, Jowett N, Hadlock TA. In the eye of the beholder: changes in perceived emotion expression after smile reanimation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 144 (02) 457-471
• 51 Hotton M, Bogart K, Briegel W. et al. Recommendations for Supporting the Psychological Well-Being of Children and Adults with Facial Palsy Background to Consensus Document . 2021 https://www.facialpalsy.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/recommendations_for_supporting_the_psychological_wellbeing_of_children_and_adults_with_facial_palsy.pdf
• 52 Coulson SE, O'dwyer NJ, Adams RD, Croxson GR. Expression of emotion and quality of life after facial nerve paralysis. Otol Neurotol 2004; 25 (06) 1014-1019
• 53 VanSwearingen JM, Brach JS. The Facial Disability Index: reliability and validity of a disability assessment instrument for disorders of the facial neuromuscular system. Phys Ther 1996; 76 (12) 1288-1298 , discussion 1298–1300
• 54 Kahn JB, Gliklich RE, Boyev KP, Stewart MG, Metson RB, McKenna MJ. Validation of a patient-graded instrument for facial nerve paralysis: the FaCE scale. Laryngoscope 2001; 111 (03) 387-398
• 55 Mehta RP, WernickRobinson M, Hadlock TA. Validation of the synkinesis assessment questionnaire. Laryngoscope 2007; 117 (05) 923-926
• 56 Díaz-Aristizabal U, Valdés-Vilches M, Fernández-Ferreras TR, Calero-Muñoz E, Bienzobas-Allué E, Moracén-Naranjo T. Correlations between impairment, psychological distress, disability, and quality of life in peripheral facial palsy. Neurologia (Engl Ed) 2019; 34 (07) 423-428
• 57 Bruins TE, van Veen MM, Kleiss IJ. et al. Interpreting quality-of-life questionnaires in patients with long-standing facial palsy. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med 2022; 24 (02) 75-80
• 58 Hotton M, Huggons E, Hamlet C. et al. The psychosocial impact of facial palsy: a systematic review. Br J Health Psychol 2020; 25 (03) 695-727
• 59 Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983; 67 (06) 361-370
• 60 Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961; 4 (06) 561-571
• 61 Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol 1988; 56 (06) 893-897
• 62 Kim JH, Fisher LM, Reder L, Hapner ER, Pepper JP. Speech and communicative participation in patients with facial paralysis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 144 (08) 686-693
• 63 Baylor C, Yorkston K, Eadie T, Kim J, Chung H, Amtmann D. The Communicative Participation Item Bank (CPIB): item bank calibration and development of a disorder-generic short form. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2013; 56 (04) 1190-1208
• 64 Okland TS, Willens SH, Pepper JP. Synkinesis and communicative participation. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med 2022; (e-pub ahead of print)
• 65 Bruins TE, van Veen MM, Werker PMN, Dijkstra PU, Broekstra DC. Associations between clinician-graded facial function and patient-reported quality of life in adults with peripheral facial palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021; 147 (08) 717-728