Sport bei Hitze – Erfahrungen und physiologische Grundlagen

Ein Wettkampf unter Hitzebedingungen ist für Athlet/-innen und Betreuerteam eine besondere Herausforderung. Mit einem optimalen Hitzemanagement sind Hitzeschäden vermeidbar und es können Leistungsvorteile gegenüber der Konkurrenz entwickelt werden. Optimales Hitzemanagement beginnt dabei viele Monate vor dem Wettkampf.

Publication History

Article published online:
25 June 2021

• Literatur

• 1 Armstrong LE, Casa DJ, Millard-Stafford M. et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exertional heat illness during training and competition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39 (03) 556-72
• 2 Bongers CCWG, Hopman MTE, Eijsvogels TMH. Using an ingestible telemetric temperature pill to assess gastrointestinal temperature during exercise. J Vis Exp 2015; 104: 53258
• 3 Bongers CCWG, Hopman MTE, Eijsvogels TMH. Cooling interventions for athletes: An overview of effectiveness, physiological mechanisms, and practical considerations. Temperature 2017; 4: 60-78
• 4 Borg G. Physical training. 3. Perceived exertion in physical work. Lakartidningen 1970; 67: 4548-4557
• 5 Casa DJ, McDermott BP, Lee EC. et al. Cold water immersion: The gold standard for exertional heatstroke treatment. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2007; 35: 141-149
• 6 Chabert C, Hermand E, Hue O. Triathlon and ultra-endurance events in tropical environments. In: Périard JD, Racinais S. Eds. Heat stress in sport and exercise: Thermophysiology of health and performance. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019: 283-296
• 7 Daanen HAM, Racinais S, Périard JD. Heat Acclimation Decay and Re-Induction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine 2018; 48: 409-430
• 8 Dennis SC, Noakes TD. Advantages of a smaller bodymass in humans when distance-running in warm, humid conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1999; 79: 280-284
• 9 Ely BR, Blanchard LA, Steele JR. et al. Physiological responses to overdressing and exercise-heat stress in traines runners. Med Sci Exerc 2018; 50: 1285-1296
• 10 Epstein Y, Yanovich R. Heatstroke. N Engl J Med 2019; 380: 2449-2459
• 11 Fenemor SP, Gill ND, Sims S. et al. Validity of a tympanic thermometer and thermal imaging camera for measuring core and skin temperature during exercise in the heat. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science 2020; 1: 49-55
• 12 Gasparetto T, Nesseler C. Diverse effects of thermal conditions on performance of marathon runners. Front Psychol 2020; 11: 1438
• 13 Gerrett N, Kingma BRM, Sluijter R. et al. Ambient conditions prior to Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games: Considerations for acclimation or acclimatization strategies. Front Physiol 2019; 10: 414
• 14 Glitz KJ, Gorges W, Leyk D. et al. S1-Leitline Arbeit unter klimatischer Belastung Hitze. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Arbeitsmedizin und Umweltmedizin; 2012 https://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/002–039l_S1_Arbeit_unter_klimatischer_Belastung_Hitze_2012–07-abgelaufen.pdf Stand: 2.4.2021
• 15 Heathcote SL, Hassmén P, Zhou S. et al. Passive heating: Reviewing practical heat acclimation strategies for endurance athletes. Front Physiol 2018; 9: 1851
• 16 Höppe P. The physiological equivalent temperature – a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. International journal of Biometeorology 1999; 43: 71-75
• 17 IOC Athlete365. Beat the heat: Olympic Games Tokyo 2020. https://www.olympic.org/athlete365/games-time/beat-the-heat Stand: 2.4.2021
• 18 Jay O, Morris NB. Does cold water or ice slurry ingestion during exercise elicit a net body cooling effect in the heat?. Sports Medicine 2018; 48: 17-29
• 19 Knechtle B, Di Gangi S, Rüst CA. et al. The role of weather conditions on running performance in the Boston Marathon from 1972 to 2018. PLoS One 2019; 14: e0212797
• 20 Kuennen M, Gillum T, Dokladny K. et al. Thermotolerance and heat acclimation may share a common mechanism in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301: R524-R533
• 21 Masterton JM, Richardson FA. Humidex: A method of quantifying human discomfort due to excessive heat and humidity. Dornsview, Ont: Environment Canada, Atmospheric Environment; 1979
• 22 Montain SJ, Ely MR, Cheuvront SN. Marathon performance in thermally stressing conditions. Sports Medicine 2007; 37: 320-323
• 23 Morris N, Coombs G, Jay O. Ice slurry ingestion leads to a lower net heat loss during exercise in the heat. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48: 114-122
• 24 Nava R, Zuhl MN. Heat acclimation-induced intracellular HSP70 in humans: A meta-analysis. Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25: 35-45
• 25 Notley SR, Meade RD, Kenny GP. Time following ingestion does not influence the validity of telemetry pill measurements of core temperature during exercise-heat stress: The journal Temperature toolbox. Temperature 2021; 8: 12-20
• 26 Racinais S, Alonso JM, Coutts AJ. et al. Consensus recommendations on training and competing in the heat. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 25: 6-19
• 27 Racinais S, Ihsan M. Why should I test my athletes in the heat several months before Tokyo 2020?. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54: 700-701
• 28 Racinais S, Casa D, Brocherie F. et al. Translating science into practice: The perspective of the Doha 2019 IAAF World Championships in the heat. Front Sports Act Liv 2019; 1: 39
• 29 Racinais S, Ihsan M, Taylor L. et al. Hydration and cooling in elite athletes: Relationship with performance, body mass loss and body temperatures during the Doha 2019 IAAF World Athletics Championships. Br J Sports Med. 2021
• 30 Rodríguez MÁ, Piedra JV, Sánchez-Fernández M. et al. A matter of degrees: A systematic review of the ergogenic effect of pre-cooling in highly trained athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17: 2952
• 31 Siegel R, Maté J, Watson G. et al. Pre-cooling with ice slurry ingestion leads to similar run times to exhaustion in the heat as cold water immersion. J Sports Sci 2012; 30: 155-165
• 32 The Commission for Thermal Physiology of the International Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS Thermal Commission). Glossary of terms for thermal physiology. Second Edition. Pflügers Arch 1987; 410: 567-587
• 33 Thorsson S, Rayner D, Palm G. et al. Is physiological equivalent temperature (PET) a superior screening tool for heat stress risk than Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) index? Eight years of data from the Gothenburg half marathon. Br J Sports Med. 2020
• 34 Xu M, Wu Z, Dong Y. et al. A mixed-method approach of pre-cooling enhances high-intensity running performance in the heat. J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20: 26-34
• 35 Yaglou CP, Minaed D. Control of heat casualties at military training centers. Arch Indust Health 1957; 16: 302-16
• 36 Zurawlew MJ, Mee JA, Walsh NP. Post-exercise hot water immersion elicits heat acclimation adaptations in endurance trained and recreationally active individuals. Front Physiol 2018; 1824