Maschinenperfusion in der Lebertransplantation – was ist möglich und wo stehen wir in Deutschland? Übersicht der Literatur und Ergebnisse einer nationalen Umfrage

Zusammenfassung

Die Maschinenperfusion von Spenderlebern gilt als die aktuell wichtigste Neuerung in der Transplantationschirurgie, um dem anhaltenden Organmangel in der Lebertransplantation begegnen zu können. Die hypotherme Maschinenperfusion (HMP) ist sicher anzuwenden und scheint auch nach einer vorangegangenen kalten Ischämiephase bei Spendern mit einem Herzstillstand das Risiko für Gallenwegskomplikationen zur verringern sowie das Langzeitüberleben der Empfänger zu verbessern. Ein potenzieller Funktionstest der Spenderorgane während der HMP über die Bestimmung von Flavinmononukleotid befindet sich jedoch derzeit noch in klinischer Erprobung. Die normotherme Maschinenperfusion (NMP) hat ein höheres Risiko für technische Probleme, jedoch ermöglicht die Funktionstestung anhand konventioneller Laborparameter während der NMP eine deutliche Erweiterung des Spenderpools, wenngleich aktuell keine prospektive randomisierte Studie einen Überlebensvorteil für transplantierte Organe nach NMP aufzeigen konnte. Darüber hinaus lässt sich die Konservierungszeit der Spenderorgane mithilfe der NMP signifikant verlängern, was vor allem bei komplexen Empfängeroperationen und/oder aufwendiger Logistik vorteilhaft ist. Beide Methoden könnten für verschiedene Szenarien in der Transplantationsmedizin – theoretisch auch kombiniert – angewandt werden. Die Mehrheit der deutschen Transplantationszentren sieht in der Maschinenperfusion eine wichtige Innovation und führt bereits aktiv Perfusionen durch oder befindet sich in einer entsprechenden Vorbereitung hierauf. Die praktische Erfahrung in Deutschland ist insgesamt jedoch noch relativ gering: bei nur 2 Zentren, die mehr als 20 Perfusionen durchgeführt haben. In den kommenden Jahren sind daher multizentrische Anstrengungen zur Durchführung von klinischen Studien sowie der Erarbeitung von nationalen Leitlinien zur Maschinenperfusion unabdingbar, um das Potenzial dieser technologischen Entwicklungen fundiert definieren und für das Feld der Transplantationsmedizin optimal ausschöpfen zu können.

Abstract

Machine perfusion of donor livers is currently regarded as the most important innovation in transplant surgery to address the continuing shortage of organs in liver transplantation. Hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) is safe to use and appears to reduce the risk of biliary complications and improve the long-term survival of transplanted organs following preservation by cold static storage – even in donors after cardiac death. A potential functional test of donor organs during HMP uses flavin mononucleotide and is still under clinical investigation. Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) has a greater risk of technical problems, but functional testing using conventional laboratory parameters during NMP allows significant expansion of the donor pool, even though no prospective randomised study has been able to demonstrate a survival advantage for transplanted organs after NMP. In addition, the preservation time of the donor organs can be significantly extended with the help of NMP, which is particularly advantageous for complex recipient operations and/or logistics. Both methods could be applied for various scenarios in transplantation medicine – theoretically also in combination. The majority of German transplant centres regard machine perfusion as an important innovation and already actively perform perfusions or are in preparation for doing so. However, the overall practical experience in Germany is still relatively low, with only 2 centres having performed more than 20 perfusions. In the coming years, multi-centre efforts to conduct clinical trials and to develop national guidelines on machine perfusion will therefore be indispensable in order to define the potential of these technological developments objectively and to exploit it optimally for the field of transplantation medicine.

Schlüsselwörter

Abdominalchirurgie - chirurgische Technik - Langzeitergebnis - Organtransplantation - Qualitätssicherung - Transplantationschirurgie

Key words

abdominal surgery - transplantation surgery - quality control - organ transplantation - long-term prognosis - surgical technique

Publication History

Article published online:
24 March 2021

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