S3 Guideline of Extracorporeal Circulation (ECLS/ECMO) for Cardiocirculatory Failure

AWMF-Registernummer 011–021 Klassifikation S3

https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/011-021.html.

Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
15. Oktober 2021

• References

• 1 Ouweneel DM, Schotborgh JV, Limpens J. et al. Extracorporeal life support during cardiac arrest and cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2016; 42 (12) 1922-1934
• 2 Chen SW, Tsai FC, Lin YS. et al. Long-term outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for postcardiotomy shock. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 154 (02) 469-477.e2
• 3 Chang JJ, Lin MS, Chen TH. et al. Heart failure and mortality of adult survivors from acute myocarditis requiring intensive care treatment - a nationwide cohort study. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14 (12) 1241-1250
• 4 Schiller P, Hellgren L, Vikholm P. Survival after refractory cardiogenic shock is comparable in patients with Impella and veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation when adjusted for SAVE score. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2018; ···: 2048872618799745
• 5 El Sibai R, Bachir R, El Sayed M. Outcomes in cardiogenic shock patients with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use: a matched cohort study in hospitals across the United States. BioMed Res Int 2018; 2018: 2428648
• 6 Tramm R, Ilic D, Davies Andrew R, Pellegrino Vincent A, Romero L, Hodgson C. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for critically ill adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. . Accessed August 12, 2021 from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010381.pub2/abstract
• 7 Tramm R, Ilic D, Davies A, Pellegrino V, Romero L, Hodgson C. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for critically ill adults in ICU – a nurse-led multidisciplinary Cochrane Collaboration systematic review. Aust Crit Care 2015; 28 (01) 48-49
• 8 Hekimian G, Kharcha F, Bréchot N. et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pheochromocytoma-induced cardiogenic shock. Ann Intensive Care 2016; 6 (01) 117
• 9 Dunne B, Christou E, Duff O, Merry C. Extracorporeal-assisted rewarming in the management of accidental deep hypothermic cardiac arrest: a systematic review of the literature. Heart Lung Circ 2014; 23 (11) 1029-1035
• 10 Shin TG, Jo IJ, Sim MS. et al. Two-year survival and neurological outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest patients rescued by extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168 (04) 3424-3430
• 11 Cheng R, Ramzy D, Azarbal B. et al. Device strategies for patients in INTERMACS profiles 1 and 2 cardiogenic shock: double bridge with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and initial implant of more durable devices. Artif Organs 2017; 41 (03) 224-232
• 12 Fukuhara S, Takeda K, Kurlansky PA, Naka Y, Takayama H. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a direct bridge to heart transplantation in adults. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018; 155 (04) 1607-1618.e6
• 13 Michels G, Wengenmayer T, Hagl C. et al. Recommendations for extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (eCPR) : Consensus statement of DGIIN, DGK, DGTHG, DGfK, DGNI, DGAI, DIVI and GRC [in German]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notf Med 2018; 113 (06) 478-486
• 14 Chang CH, Chen HC, Caffrey JL. et al. Survival analysis after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in critically ill adults: a nationwide cohort study. Circulation 2016; 133 (24) 2423-2433
• 15 Lorusso R, Gelsomino S, Parise O. et al. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory cardiogenic shock in elderly patients: trends in application and outcome from the extracorporeal life support organization (ELSO) registry. Ann Thorac Surg 2017; 104 (01) 62-69
• 16 Richardson AS, Schmidt M, Bailey M, Pellegrino VA, Rycus PT, Pilcher DV. ECMO Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (ECPR), trends in survival from an international multicentre cohort study over 12-years. Resuscitation 2017; 112: 34-40
• 17 Schmidt M, Burrell A, Roberts L. et al. Predicting survival after ECMO for refractory cardiogenic shock: the survival after veno-arterial-ECMO (SAVE)-score. Eur Heart J 2015; 36 (33) 2246-2256
• 18 Smith M, Vukomanovic A, Brodie D, Thiagarajan R, Rycus P, Buscher H. Duration of veno-arterial extracorporeal life support (VA ECMO) and outcome: an analysis of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) registry. Crit Care 2017; 21 (01) 45
• 19 Gräsner JT, Seewald S, Bohn A. et al. Deutsches Reanimationsregister : Wissenschaft und Reanimationsforschung. Anaesthesist 2014; 63 (06) 470-476
• 20 Bougouin W, Aissaoui N, Combes A. et al; SDEC Investigators. Post-cardiac arrest shock treated with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: An observational study and propensity-score analysis. Resuscitation 2017; 110: 126-132
• 21 Karam N, Marijon E, Dumas F. et al; Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center. Characteristics and outcomes of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest according to the time of occurrence. Resuscitation 2017; 116: 16-21
• 22 Goldberger ZD, Chan PS, Berg RA. et al; American Heart Association Get With The Guidelines—Resuscitation (formerly National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) Investigators. Duration of resuscitation efforts and survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: an observational study. Lancet 2012; 380 (9852): 1473-1481
• 23 Karagiannidis C, Brodie D, Strassmann S. et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: evolving epidemiology and mortality. Intensive Care Med 2016; 42 (05) 889-896
• 24 Nußbaumer B, Gartlehner G, Kien C. et al. Grade Leitlinien: 15. Von der Evidenz zur Empfehlung - Determinanten, die Richtung und Stärke einer Empfehlung bestimmen. Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes 2014; 108 (07) 421-431
• 25 Combes A, Brodie D, Bartlett R. et al; International ECMO Network (ECMONet). Position paper for the organization of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation programs for acute respiratory failure in adult patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190 (05) 488-496
• 26 Jorch G, Kluge S, König F. et al. Empfehlungen zur Struktur und Ausstattung von Intensivstationen 2010. . Available from: https://www.divi.de/empfehlungen/publikationen/intensivmedizin/399-empfehlungen-zur-struktur-von-intensivstationen-langversion
• 27 Abrams D, Garan AR, Abdelbary A. et al; International ECMO Network (ECMONet) and The Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO). Position paper for the organization of ECMO programs for cardiac failure in adults. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44 (06) 717-729
• 28 Wienke A. Ein Arzt darf, was er kann–auch ausserhalb seines Fachgebiets: Bundesverfassungsgericht öffnet die fachärztlichen Gebietsgrenzen. HNO 2011; 59 (06) 600-602
• 29 Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. ELSO Guidelines for ECMO Centers 2014. . Available from: https://www.elso.org/Portals/0/IGD/Archive/FileManager/faf3f6a3c7cusersshyerdocumentselsoguidelinesecmocentersv1.8.pdf
• 30 Fletcher-Sandersjoo A, Frenckner B, Broman M. A single-center experience of 900 inter-hospital transports on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ann Thorac Surg 2018
• 31 Sutter R, Tisljar K, Marsch S. Acute neurologic complications during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 2018; 46 (09) 1506-1513
• 32 Beck L, Burg MC, Heindel W, Schülke C. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adults - variants, complications during therapy, and the role of radiological imaging. RoFo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Nuklearmed 2017; 189 (02) 119-127
• 33 Fowles JA. Initial Training of Nurses. In: Mossadegh C, Combes A. editors Nursing Care and ECMO. Springer International Switzerland: Springer; 2017
• 34 Cook MR, Badulak J, Çoruh B. et al. Fellowship training in extracorporeal life support: Characterization and educational needs assessment. J Crit Care 2018; 46: 159-161
• 35 Zakhary BM, Kam LM, Kaufman BS, Felner KJ. The utility of high-fidelity simulation for training critical care fellows in the management of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation emergencies: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med 2017; 45 (08) 1367-1373
• 36 Priest MA, Beaty C, Ogino M. Training of nurses and continuing education in ECMO. In: Mossadegh C, Combes A. editors Nursing Care and ECMO. Springer International Switzerland: Springer; 2017
• 37 Fichtner F, Mörer O, Laudi S. S3-Leitlinie „Invasive Beatmung und Einsatz extrakorporaler Verfahren bei akuter respiratorischer Insuffizienz “. DIVI 2017; 4: 154-163
• 38 McCarthy FH, McDermott KM, Spragan D. et al. Unconventional volume-outcome associations in adult extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the United States. Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 102 (02) 489-495
• 39 Barbaro RP, Odetola FO, Kidwell KM. et al. Association of hospital-level volume of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cases and mortality. Analysis of the extracorporeal life support organization registry. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191 (08) 894-901
• 40 Huesch MD. Volume-outcome relationships in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: retrospective analysis of administrative data from Pennsylvania, 2007-2015. ASAIO J 2018; 64 (04) 450-457
• 41 O'Neill WW, Grines C, Schreiber T. et al. Analysis of outcomes for 15,259 US patients with acute myocardial infarction cardiogenic shock (AMICS) supported with the Impella device. Am Heart J 2018; 202: 33-38
• 42 Merkle J, Djorjevic I, Sabashnikov A. et al. Mobile ECMO - A divine technology or bridge to nowhere?. Expert Rev Med Devices 2017; 14 (10) 821-831
• 43 Karatolios K, Chatzis G, Markus B. et al. Impella support compared to medical treatment for post-cardiac arrest shock after out of hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2018; 126: 104-110
• 44 Basir MB, Schreiber TL, Grines CL. et al. Effect of early initiation of mechanical circulatory support on survival in cardiogenic shock. Am J Cardiol 2017; 119 (06) 845-851
• 45 Beurtheret S, Mordant P, Paoletti X. et al. Emergency circulatory support in refractory cardiogenic shock patients in remote institutions: a pilot study (the cardiac-RESCUE program). Eur Heart J 2013; 34 (02) 112-120
• 46 Harjola VP, Mullens W, Banaszewski M. et al. Organ dysfunction, injury and failure in acute heart failure: from pathophysiology to diagnosis and management. A review on behalf of the Acute Heart Failure Committee of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur J Heart Fail 2017; 19 (07) 821-836
• 47 Kluge S, de Heer G, Jarczak D, Nierhaus A, Fuhrmann V. Lactic acidosis - update 2018 [in German]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2018; 143 (15) 1082-1085
• 48 Rastan AJ, Dege A, Mohr M. et al. Early and late outcomes of 517 consecutive adult patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 139 (02) 302-311 , 311.e1
• 49 Li CL, Wang H, Jia M, Ma N, Meng X, Hou XT. The early dynamic behavior of lactate is linked to mortality in postcardiotomy patients with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support: A retrospective observational study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 149 (05) 1445-1450
• 50 Davierwala PM, Leontyev S, Verevkin A. et al. Temporal trends in predictors of early and late mortality after emergency coronary artery bypass grafting for cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2016; 134 (17) 1224-1237
• 51 Zhong Z, Jiang C, Yang F. et al. Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in patients undergoing aortic surgery. Artif Organs 2017; 41 (12) 1113-1120
• 52 Slottosch I, Liakopoulos O, Kuhn E. et al. Lactate and lactate clearance as valuable tool to evaluate ECMO therapy in cardiogenic shock. J Crit Care 2017; 42: 35-41
• 53 Barrett CS, Jaggers JJ, Cook EF. et al. Pediatric ECMO outcomes: comparison of centrifugal versus roller blood pumps using propensity score matching. ASAIO J 2013; 59 (02) 145-151
• 54 Byrnes J, McKamie W, Swearingen C. et al. Hemolysis during cardiac extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a case-control comparison of roller pumps and centrifugal pumps in a pediatric population. ASAIO J 2011; 57 (05) 456-461
• 55 Kreibich M, Benk C, Leitner S. et al. Local and lower limb complications during and after femoral cannulation for extracorporeal life support. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017
• 56 Bartlett RH. Extracorporeal life support: history and new directions. ASAIO J 2005; 51 (05) 487-489
• 57 O'Neil MP, Fleming JC, Badhwar A, Guo LR. Pulsatile versus nonpulsatile flow during cardiopulmonary bypass: microcirculatory and systemic effects. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 94 (06) 2046-2053
• 58 Koning NJ, Vonk AB, van Barneveld LJ. et al. Pulsatile flow during cardiopulmonary bypass preserves postoperative microcirculatory perfusion irrespective of systemic hemodynamics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 112 (10) 1727-1734
• 59 Lazzeri C, Valente S, Chiostri M, Gensini GF. Clinical significance of lactate in acute cardiac patients. World J Cardiol 2015; 7 (08) 483-489
• 60 Jouffroy R, Lamhaut L, Guyard A. et al. Base excess and lactate as prognostic indicators for patients treated by extra corporeal life support after out hospital cardiac arrest due to acute coronary syndrome. Resuscitation 2014; 85 (12) 1764-1768
• 61 Fitousis K, Klasek R, Mason PE, Masud F. Evaluation of a pharmacy managed heparin protocol for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients. Perfusion 2017; 32 (03) 238-244
• 62 Panigada M, L'Acqua C, Passamonti SM. et al. Comparison between clinical indicators of transmembrane oxygenator thrombosis and multidetector computed tomographic analysis. J Crit Care 2015; 30 (02) 441.e7-441.e13
• 63 Irby K, Swearingen C, Byrnes J, Bryant J, Prodhan P, Fiser R. Unfractionated heparin activity measured by anti-factor Xa levels is associated with the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit/membrane oxygenator change: a retrospective pediatric study. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014; 15 (04) e175-e182
• 64 Distelmaier K, Roth C, Schrutka L. et al. Beneficial effects of levosimendan on survival in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after cardiovascular surgery. Br J Anaesth 2016; 117 (01) 52-58
• 65 Tagami T, Matsui H, Kuno M. et al. Early antibiotics administration during targeted temperature management after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a nationwide database study. BMC Anesthesiol 2016; 16 (01) 89
• 66 Ohbe H, Jo T, Yamana H, Matsui H, Fushimi K, Yasunaga H. Early enteral nutrition for cardiogenic or obstructive shock requiring venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a nationwide inpatient database study. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44 (08) 1258-1265
• 67 Müller A, Weiß B. Spies CD; S3-Leitliniengruppe. Analgesie, Sedierung und Delirmanagement - Die neue S3-Leitlinie “Analgesie, Sedierung und Delirmanagement in der Intensivmedizin” (DAS-Leitlinie 2015). Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2015; 50 (11-12): 698-703
• 68 Beckmann A, Benk C, Beyersdorf F. et al; ECLS Working Group. Position article for the use of extracorporeal life support in adult patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2011; 40 (03) 676-680
• 69 Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. Guidelines for AdultCardiacFailure. 2014 . Available from: https://www.elso.org/Portals/0/IGD/Archive/FileManager/e76ef78eabcusersshyerdocumentselsoguidelinesforadultcardiacfailure1.3.pdf
• 70 ELSO. Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) General Guidelines for all ECLS Cases 2017 [1-26]. . Available from: www.elso.org
• 71 Pichler P, Antretter H, Dünser M. et al. Use of ECMO in adult patients with cardiogenic shock: a position paper of the Austrian Society of Cardiology [in German]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notf Med 2015; 110 (06) 407-420
• 72 Price S, Platz E, Cullen L. et al; Acute Heart Failure Study Group of the European Society of Cardiology Acute Cardiovascular Care Association. Expert consensus document: echocardiography and lung ultrasonography for the assessment and management of acute heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol 2017; 14 (07) 427-440
• 73 Avgerinos DV, DeBois W, Voevidko L, Salemi A. Regional variation in arterial saturation and oxygen delivery during venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Extra Corpor Technol 2013; 45 (03) 183-186
• 74 Moynihan K, Johnson K, Straney L. et al. Coagulation monitoring correlation with heparin dose in pediatric extracorporeal life support. Perfusion 2017; 32 (08) 675-685
• 75 Shin TG, Choi JH, Jo IJ. et al. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with inhospital cardiac arrest: A comparison with conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 2011; 39 (01) 1-7
• 76 Kalbhenn J, Schmidt R, Nakamura L, Schelling J, Rosenfelder S, Zieger B. Early diagnosis of acquired von Willebrand Syndrome (AVWS) is elementary for clinical practice in patients treated with ECMO therapy. J Atheroscler Thromb 2015; 22 (03) 265-271
• 77 Vranken NPA, Lindelauf AAMA, Simons AP, Ariës MJH, Maessen JG, Weerwind PW. Cerebral and limb tissue oxygenation during peripheral venoarterial extracorporeal life support. J Intensive Care Med 2020; 35 (02) 179-186
• 78 Bembea MM, Felling R, Anton B, Salorio CF, Johnston MV. Neuromonitoring during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a systematic review of the literature. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16 (06) 558-564
• 79 Lorusso R, Barili F, Mauro MD. et al. In-hospital neurologic complications in adult patients undergoing venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: results from the extracorporeal life support organization registry. Crit Care Med 2016; 44 (10) e964-e972
• 80 Vogel AM, Lew DF, Kao LS, Lally KP. Defining risk for infectious complications on extracorporeal life support. J Pediatr Surg 2011; 46 (12) 2260-2264
• 81 Dalton HJ, Garcia-Filion P, Holubkov R. et al; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network. Association of bleeding and thrombosis with outcome in extracorporeal life support. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16 (02) 167-174
• 82 Polito A, Barrett CS, Wypij D. et al. Neurologic complications in neonates supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. An analysis of ELSO registry data. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39 (09) 1594-1601
• 83 Werho DK, Pasquali SK, Yu S. et al; ELSO Member Centers. Epidemiology of stroke in pediatric cardiac surgical patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ann Thorac Surg 2015; 100 (05) 1751-1757
• 84 Werho DK, Pasquali SK, Yu S. et al; Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Member Centers. Hemorrhagic complications in pediatric cardiac patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: an analysis of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16 (03) 276-288
• 85 Wightman A, Bradford MC, Symons J, Brogan TV. Impact of kidney disease on survival in neonatal extracorporeal life support. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16 (06) 576-582
• 86 Cheng R, Hachamovitch R, Kittleson M. et al. Complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for treatment of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis of 1,866 adult patients (Provisional abstract). Annals of Thoracic Surgery [Internet]. 2014; (2):[610-6 pp.]. . Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/cldare/articles/DARE-12013066728/frame.html
• 87 Floerchinger B, Philipp A, Camboni D. et al. NSE serum levels in extracorporeal life support patients-relevance for neurological outcome?. Resuscitation 2017; 121: 166-171
• 88 Bizzarro MJ, Conrad SA, Kaufman DA, Rycus P. Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Task Force on Infections, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Infections acquired during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in neonates, children, and adults. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2011; 12 (03) 277-281
• 89 Wong JK, Melvin AL, Joshi DJ. et al. Cannulation-related complications on veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: prevalence and effect on mortality. Artif Organs 2017; 41 (09) 827-834
• 90 Yeo HJ, Yoon SH, Jeon D. et al. The utility of preemptive distal perfusion cannulation during peripheral venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. J Interv Cardiol 2016; 29 (04) 431-436
• 91 Glorion M, Mercier O, Mitilian D. et al. Central versus peripheral cannulation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support during double lung transplant for pulmonary hypertension. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2018; 54 (02) 341-347
• 92 Patel NJ, Patel N, Bhardwaj B. et al. Trends in utilization of mechanical circulatory support in patients hospitalized after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2018; 127: 105-113
• 93 Pappalardo F, Schulte C, Pieri M. et al. Concomitant implantation of Impella on top of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may improve survival of patients with cardiogenic shock. European journal of heart failure [Internet]. . 2017. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/778/CN-01245778/frame.html
• 94 Schmack B, Seppelt P, Weymann A. et al. Extracorporeal life support with left ventricular decompression-improved survival in severe cardiogenic shock: results from a retrospective study. PeerJ 2017; 5: e3813
• 95 Tepper S, Garcia MB, Fischer I. et al. Clinical Outcomes and Reduced Pulmonary Artery Pressure With Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump During Central Extracorporeal Life Support. ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992). 2018.</bok>
• 96 Tepper S, Masood MF, Baltazar Garcia M. et al. Left ventricular unloading by impella device versus surgical vent during extracorporeal life support. Ann Thorac Surg 2017; 104 (03) 861-867
• 97 Brasseur A, Scolletta S, Lorusso R, Taccone FS. Hybrid extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10 (suppl 5): 10S707-S715
• 98 Hou X, Yang X, Du Z. et al. Superior vena cava drainage improves upper body oxygenation during veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in sheep. Crit Care 2015; 19: 68
• 99 Lindfors M, Frenckner B, Sartipy U, Bjällmark A, Broomé M. Venous cannula positioning in arterial deoxygenation during veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-a simulation study and case report. Artif Organs 2017; 41 (01) 75-81
• 100 Jayaraman AL, Cormican D, Shah P, Ramakrishna H. Cannulation strategies in adult veno-arterial and veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Techniques, limitations, and special considerations. Ann Card Anaesth 2017; 20 (supplement): 20S11-S18
• 101 Rupprecht L, Lunz D, Philipp A, Lubnow M, Schmid C. Pitfalls in percutaneous ECMO cannulation. Heart Lung Vessel 2015; 7 (04) 320-326
• 102 Demondion P, Fournel L, Golmard JL, Niculescu M, Pavie A, Leprince P. Predictors of 30-day mortality and outcome in cases of myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock treated by extracorporeal life support. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2014; 45 (01) 47-54
• 103 Fiser SM, Tribble CG, Kaza AK. et al. When to discontinue extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for postcardiotomy support. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 71 (01) 210-214
• 104 Smedira NG, Moazami N, Golding CM. et al. Clinical experience with 202 adults receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac failure: survival at five years. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 122 (01) 92-102
• 105 Luo XJ, Wang W, Hu SS. et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for treatment of cardiac failure in adult patients. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2009; 9 (02) 296-300
• 106 Chang WW, Tsai FC, Tsai TY. et al. Predictors of mortality in patients successfully weaned from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. PLoS One 2012; 7 (08) e42687
• 107 Combes A, Leprince P, Luyt CE. et al. Outcomes and long-term quality-of-life of patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory cardiogenic shock. Crit Care Med 2008; 36 (05) 1404-1411
• 108 Aziz TA, Singh G, Popjes E. et al. Initial experience with CentriMag extracorporal membrane oxygenation for support of critically ill patients with refractory cardiogenic shock. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010; 29 (01) 66-71
• 109 Chen YS, Chao A, Yu HY. et al. Analysis and results of prolonged resuscitation in cardiac arrest patients rescued by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41 (02) 197-203
• 110 Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. Ultrasound Guidance for Extra-corporeal Membrane OxygenationGeneral Guidelines 2015. [Available from: https://www.elso.org/Portals/0/Files/elso_Ultrasoundguideance_ecmogeneral_guidelines_May2015.pdf
• 111 Trummer G, Schwermer M, Benk C. et al. Implementation of a weaning-protocol for extracorporeal life support systems in patients with postcardiotomy failure is accompanied with decrease of 30-day mortality. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 64 (01) 72
• 112 Gaies MG, Jeffries HE, Niebler RA. et al. Vasoactive-inotropic score is associated with outcome after infant cardiac surgery: an analysis from the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium and Virtual PICU System Registries. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014; 15 (06) 529-537
• 113 Aissaoui N, Luyt CE, Leprince P. et al. Predictors of successful extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) weaning after assistance for refractory cardiogenic shock. Intensive Care Med 2011; 37 (11) 1738-1745
• 114 Akin S, Dos Reis Miranda D, Caliskan K. et al. Functional evaluation of sublingual microcirculation indicates successful weaning from VA-ECMO in cardiogenic shock. Crit Care 2017;21(1):265 2017; 21 (01) 265
• 115 Cavarocchi NC, Pitcher HT, Yang Q. et al. Weaning of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation using continuous hemodynamic transesophageal echocardiography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 146 (06) 1474-1479
• 116 Naruke T, Inomata T, Imai H. et al. End-tidal carbon dioxide concentration can estimate the appropriate timing for weaning off from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory circulatory failure. Int Heart J 2010; 51 (02) 116-120
• 117 Luyt CE, Landivier A, Leprince P. et al. Usefulness of cardiac biomarkers to predict cardiac recovery in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for refractory cardiogenic shock. J Crit Care 2012; 27 (05) 524.e7-524.e14
• 118 Oberender F, Ganeshalingham A, Fortenberry JD. et al. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation versus conventional therapy in severe pediatric septic shock. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2018; 19 (10) 965-972
• 119 Ro SK, Kim JB, Jung SH, Choo SJ, Chung CH, Lee JW. Extracorporeal life support for cardiogenic shock: influence of concomitant intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2014; 46 (02) 186-192 , discussion 192
• 120 Lin LY, Liao CW, Wang CH. et al. Effects of additional intra-aortic balloon counter-pulsation therapy to cardiogenic shock patients supported by extra-corporeal membranous oxygenation. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 23838
• 121 Aso S, Matsui H, Fushimi K, Yasunaga H. The effect of intraaortic balloon pumping under venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on mortality of cardiogenic patients: an analysis using a nationwide inpatient database. Crit Care Med 2016; 44 (11) 1974-1979
• 122 Park TK, Yang JH, Choi SH. et al. Clinical impact of intra-aortic balloon pump during extracorporeal life support in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. BMC Anesthesiol 2014;14:27 2014; 14: 27
• 123 Bréchot N, Demondion P, Santi F. et al. Intra-aortic balloon pump protects against hydrostatic pulmonary oedema during peripheral venoarterial-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2018; 7 (01) 62-69
• 124 Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ. et al; IABP-SHOCK II Trial Investigators. Intraaortic balloon support for myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 2012; 367 (14) 1287-1296
• 125 Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ. et al; Intraaortic Balloon Pump in cardiogenic shock II (IABP-SHOCK II) trial investigators. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (IABP-SHOCK II): final 12 month results of a randomised, open-label trial. Lancet 2013; 382 (9905): 1638-1645
• 126 Thiele H, Jobs A, Ouweneel DM. et al. Percutaneous short-term active mechanical support devices in cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials. Eur Heart J 2017; 38 (47) 3523-3531
• 127 Affronti A, di Bella I, Carino D, Ragni T. Levosimendan may improve weaning outcomes in venoarterial ECMO patients. ASAIO J 2013; 59 (06) 554-557
• 128 Jacky A, Rudiger A, Krüger B. et al. Comparison of levosimendan and milrinone for ecls weaning in patients after cardiac surgery-a retrospective before-and-after study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2018; 32 (05) 2112-2119
• 129 Yang F, Hou D, Wang J. et al. Vascular complications in adult postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock patients receiving venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ann Intensive Care 2018; 8 (01) 72
• 130 Zangrillo A, Landoni G, Biondi-Zoccai G. et al. A meta-analysis of complications and mortality of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care Resusc 2013; 15 (03) 172-178
• 131 Fisser C, Reichenbächer C, Müller T. et al. Incidence and risk factors for cannula-related venous thrombosis after venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adult patients with acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 2019; 47 (04) e332-e339
• 132 Zimpfer D, Heinisch B, Czerny M. et al. Late vascular complications after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 81 (03) 892-895
• 133 Mankerious N, Mayer K, Gewalt SM. et al; Instrumental Sealing of ARterial puncture site –CLOSURE device versus manual compression (ISAR-CLOSURE) Trial Investigators. Comparison of the femoseal vascular closure device with manual compression after femoral artery puncture - post-hoc analysis of a large-scale, randomized clinical trial. J Invasive Cardiol 2018; 30 (07) 235-239
• 134 Wong SC, Laule M, Turi Z. et al. A multicenter randomized trial comparing the effectiveness and safety of a novel vascular closure device to manual compression in anticoagulated patients undergoing percutaneous transfemoral procedures: The CELT ACD trial. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 90 (05) 756-765
• 135 Robertson L, Andras A, Colgan F, Jackson R. Vascular closure devices for femoral arterial puncture site haemostasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 3: CD009541
• 136 Majunke N, Mangner N, Linke A. et al. Comparison of percutaneous closure versus surgical femoral cutdown for decannulation of large-sized arterial and venous access sites in adults after successful weaning of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Invasive Cardiol 2016; 28 (10) 415-419
• 137 Hwang JW, Yang JH, Sung K. et al. Percutaneous removal using Perclose ProGlide closure devices versus surgical removal for weaning after percutaneous cannulation for venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Vasc Surg 2016; 63 (04) 998-1003.e1
• 138 Kmiec L, Holzamer A, Philipp A. et al. Use of a large-bore percutaneous vascular closure device after va-ECMO therapy. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 67 (01) 233
• 139 Danial P, Hajage D, Nguyen LS. et al. Percutaneous versus surgical femoro-femoral veno-arterial ECMO: a propensity score matched study. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44 (12) 2153-2161
• 140 Bisdas T, Beutel G, Warnecke G. et al. Vascular complications in patients undergoing femoral cannulation for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 92 (02) 626-631
• 141 Neitzke G, Burchardi H, Duttge G. et al. Grenzen der Sinnhaftigkeit von Intensivmedizin. Med Klin Intensivmed Notf Med 2016; 111 (06) 486-492
• 142 White DB, Angus DC, Shields AM. et al; PARTNER Investigators. A randomized trial of a family-support intervention in intensive care units. N Engl J Med 2018; 378 (25) 2365-2375
• 143 Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. (Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft DKA. Palliativmedizin für Patienten mit einer nicht heilbaren Krebserkrankung, Kurzversion 1.1 2015. [Available from: http://leitlinienprogrammonkologie.de/Palliativmedizin.80.0.html
• 144 Bundesärztekammer. Grundsätze der Bundesärztekammer zur ärztlichen Sterbebegleitung. Dtsch Arztebl 2011; 108: A346-A8
• 145 Davidson JE, Aslakson RA, Long AC. et al. Guidelines for family-centered care in the neonatal, pediatric, and adult ICU. Crit Care Med 2017; 45 (01) 103-128
• 146 Bur A, Hirschl MM, Herkner H. et al. Accuracy of oscillometric blood pressure measurement according to the relation between cuff size and upper-arm circumference in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2000; 28 (02) 371-376
• 147 Berridge JC. Influence of cardiac output on the correlation between mixed venous and central venous oxygen saturation. Br J Anaesth 1992; 69 (04) 409-410
• 148 Cooper E, Burns J, Retter A. et al. Prevalence of venous thrombosis following venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with severe respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 2015; 43 (12) e581-e584
• 149 Mahmoud AN, Elgendy IY, Mojadidi MK. et al. Prevalence, causes, and predictors of 30-day readmissions following hospitalization with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: findings from the 2013-2014 national readmissions database. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7 (06) e008235
• 150 Atti V, Patel NJ, Kumar V. et al. Frequency of 30-day readmission and its causes after percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2019; 94 (02) E67-E77
• 151 Ruth A, McCracken CE, Fortenberry JD, Hebbar KB. Extracorporeal therapies in pediatric severe sepsis: findings from the pediatric health-care information system. Crit Care 2015; 19: 397
• 152 Skinner SC, Iocono JA, Ballard HO. et al. Improved survival in venovenous vs venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pediatric noncardiac sepsis patients: a study of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry. J Pediatr Surg 2012; 47 (01) 63-67
• 153 Kane DA, Thiagarajan RR, Wypij D. et al. Rapid-response extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to support cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children with cardiac disease. Circulation 2010; 122 (11, suppl): S241-S248
• 154 Sivarajan VB, Almodovar MC, Rodefeld MD, Laussen PC. Pediatric extracorporeal life support in specialized situations. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013; 14 (5, suppl 1): S51-S61
• 155 Ius F, Sommer W, Tudorache I. et al. Veno-veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory failure with severe haemodynamic impairment: technique and early outcomes. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2015; 20 (06) 761-767
• 156 Absi M, Kumar ST, Sandhu H. The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-cardiopulmonary resuscitation in prolonged cardiac arrest in pediatric patients: is it time to expand it?. Pediatr Emerg Care 2017; 33 (09) e67-e70
• 157 Gupta P, Robertson MJ, Rettiganti M. et al. Impact of Timing of ECMO Initiation on Outcomes After Pediatric Heart Surgery: A Multi-Institutional Analysis. Pediatric cardiology [Internet]. 2016 (5):[971-8 pp.]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/379/CN-01166379/frame.html
• 158 Gupta P, Robertson MJ, Beam BW, Rettiganti M. Outcomes associated with preoperative use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children undergoing heart operation for congenital heart disease: a multi-institutional analysis. Clin Cardiol 2015; 38 (02) 99-105
• 159 Mascio CE, Austin III EH, Jacobs JP. et al. Perioperative mechanical circulatory support in children: an analysis of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 147 (02) 658-664 , discussion 664–665
• 160 Rajagopal SK, Almond CS, Laussen PC, Rycus PT, Wypij D, Thiagarajan RR. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for the support of infants, children, and young adults with acute myocarditis: a review of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry. Crit Care Med 2010; 38 (02) 382-387
• 161 Xiong H, Xia B, Zhu J, Li B, Huang W. Clinical outcomes in pediatric patients hospitalized with fulminant myocarditis requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Cardiol 2017; 38 (02) 209-214
• 162 Conrad SJ, Bridges BC, Kalra Y, Pietsch JB, Smith AH. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation among patients with structurally normal hearts. ASAIO J 2017; 63 (06) 781-786
• 163 Lasa JJ, Rogers RS, Localio R. et al. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (E-CPR) during pediatric in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest is associated with improved survival to discharge: a report from the American Heart Association's Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation (GWTG-R) registry. Circulation 2016; 133 (02) 165-176
• 164 Lowry AW, Morales DL, Graves DE. et al. Characterization of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pediatric cardiac arrest in the United States: analysis of the kids' inpatient database. Pediatr Cardiol 2013; 34 (06) 1422-1430
• 165 GNPI. Gesellschaft für Neonatologie und pädiatrische Intensivmedizin e.V. (GNPI): Leitlinie Sepsis bei Kindern jenseits der Neonatalperiode. AWMF Register Nr. 024/025 2015 [Available from: https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/024-025.html
• 166 Wehman B, Stafford KA, Bittle GJ. et al. Modern outcomes of mechanical circulatory support as a bridge to pediatric heart transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 101 (06) 2321-2327
• 167 Yarlagadda VV, Maeda K, Zhang Y. et al. Temporary circulatory support in u.s. children awaiting heart transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70 (18) 2250-2260
• 168 Fraser Jr CD, Jaquiss RD, Rosenthal DN. et al; Berlin Heart Study Investigators. Prospective trial of a pediatric ventricular assist device. N Engl J Med 2012; 367 (06) 532-541
• 169 Ford MA, Gauvreau K, McMullan DM. et al. Factors associated with mortality in neonates requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac indications: analysis of the extracorporeal life support organization registry data. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016; 17 (09) 860-870
• 170 Furlong-Dillard JM, Amula V, Bailly DK, Bleyl SB, Wilkes J, Bratton SL. Use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and mortality in pediatric cardiac surgery patients with genetic conditions: a multicenter analysis. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18 (09) 850-858
• 171 Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. Guidelines for Pediatric Cardiac Failure 2017. [Available from: http://www.elso.org/resources/guidelines.aspx
• 172 Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. ECLS Registry Report 2019. [Available from: https://www.elso.org/Portals/0/Files/Reports/2019/European%20Summary%20January%202019.pdf
• 173 Elhoff JJ, Chowdhury SM, Zyblewski SC, Atz AM, Bradley SM, Graham EM. Intraoperative steroid use and outcomes following the norwood procedure: an analysis of the pediatric heart network's public database. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016; 17 (01) 30-35
• 174 Jean-St-Michel E, Meza JM, Maguire J, Coles J, McCrindle BW. Survival to stage II with ventricular dysfunction: secondary analysis of the single ventricle reconstruction trial. Pediatr Cardiol 2018; 39 (05) 955-966
• 175 Karamlou T, Vafaeezadeh M, Parrish AM. et al. Increased extracorporeal membrane oxygenation center case volume is associated with improved extracorporeal membrane oxygenation survival among pediatric patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 145 (02) 470-475
• 176 Freeman CL, Bennett TD, Casper TC. et al. Pediatric and neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: does center volume impact mortality?*. Crit Care Med 2014; 42 (03) 512-519
• 177 Gupta P, Rettiganti M. Association between extracorporeal membrane oxygenation center volume and mortality among children with heart disease: propensity and risk modeling. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16 (09) 868-874
• 178 Rettiganti M, Seib PM, Robertson MJ, Wilcox A, Gupta P. Impact of varied center volume categories on volume-outcome relationship in children receiving ECMO for heart operations. J Artif Organs 2016; 19 (03) 249-256
• 179 Barrett CS, Chan TT, Wilkes J, Bratton SL, Thiagarajan RR. Association of Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Volume and Mortality after Cardiac ECMO. Am Soc Artificial Internal Organs 2017
• 180 GBA. Bekanntmachung eines Beschlussesbdes Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses zur Versorgung von Früh- und Neugeborenen Vom 20. 2009 </unknown>
• 181 Ortmann L, Prodhan P, Gossett J. et al; American Heart Association's Get With the Guidelines–Resuscitation Investigators. Outcomes after in-hospital cardiac arrest in children with cardiac disease: a report from Get With the Guidelines–Resuscitation. Circulation 2011; 124 (21) 2329-2337
• 182 Sherwin ED, Gauvreau K, Scheurer MA. et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after stage 1 palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 144 (06) 1337-1343
• 183 Lou S, MacLaren G, Paul E, Best D, Delzoppo C, Butt W. Hemofiltration is not associated with increased mortality in children receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16 (02) 161-166
• 184 Addison SD, Buck ML, Fang GY, Gangemi JJ, Kaufman DA. Decreased blood product usage during extracorporeal life support with reduced circuit volumes. Transfusion 2017; 57 (06) 1391-1395
• 185 Teele SA, Salvin JW, Barrett CS. et al. The association of carotid artery cannulation and neurologic injury in pediatric patients supported with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation*. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014; 15 (04) 355-361
• 186 Kurkluoglu M, Hynes CF, Alfares FA. et al. Choice of peripheral venoarterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation site in patients above 15 kilograms. J Card Surg 2015; 30 (05) 461-465
• 187 Conrad SA, Grier LR, Scott LK, Green R, Jordan M. Percutaneous cannulation for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation by intensivists: a retrospective single-institution case series. Crit Care Med 2015; 43 (05) 1010-1015
• 188 Hacking DF, Best D, d'Udekem Y. et al. Elective decompression of the left ventricle in pediatric patients may reduce the duration of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Artif Organs 2015; 39 (04) 319-326
• 189 Kotani Y, Chetan D, Rodrigues W. et al. Left atrial decompression during venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for left ventricular failure in children: current strategy and clinical outcomes. Artif Organs 2013; 37 (01) 29-36
• 190 O'Byrne ML, Glatz AC, Rossano JW. et al. Middle-term results of trans-catheter creation of atrial communication in patients receiving mechanical circulatory support. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2015; 85 (07) 1189-1195
• 191 Allan CK, Thiagarajan RR, del Nido PJ, Roth SJ, Almodovar MC, Laussen PC. Indication for initiation of mechanical circulatory support impacts survival of infants with shunted single-ventricle circulation supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007; 133 (03) 660-667
• 192 Botha P, Deshpande SR, Wolf M. et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support in infants with systemic-pulmonary shunts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 152 (03) 912-918
• 193 Kumar TKS, Zurakowski D, Dalton H. et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in postcardiotomy patients: factors influencing outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 140 (02) 330-336.e2
• 194 Joffe AR, Lequier L, Robertson CMT. Pediatric outcomes after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac disease and for cardiac arrest: a review. ASAIO J 2012; 58 (04) 297-310
• 195 Bhat P, Hirsch JC, Gelehrter S. et al. Outcomes of infants weighing three kilograms or less requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 95 (02) 656-661
• 196 McMullan DM, Thiagarajan RR, Smith KM, Rycus PT, Brogan TV. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcomes in term and premature neonates*. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014; 15 (01) e9-e16
• 197 Howard TS, Kalish BT, Rajagopal SK. et al. Factors associated with mortality in children who successfully wean from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2018; 19 (09) 875-883
• 198 Solé A, Jordan I, Bobillo S. et al. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for neonatal and pediatric refractory septic shock: more than 15 years of learning. Eur J Pediatr 2018; 177 (08) 1191-1200
• 199 Fleming GM, Sahay R, Zappitelli M. et al. The incidence of acute kidney injury and its effect on neonatal and pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation outcomes: a multicenter report from the kidney intervention during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation study group. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016; 17 (12) 1157-1169
• 200 Selewski DT, Askenazi DJ, Bridges BC. et al. The impact of fluid overload on outcomes in children treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18 (12) 1126-1135
• 201 Watt K, Li JS, Benjamin Jr DK, Cohen-Wolkowiez M. Pediatric cardiovascular drug dosing in critically ill children and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011; 58 (02) 126-132
• 202 Shekar K, Fraser JF, Smith MT, Roberts JA. Pharmacokinetic changes in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Crit Care 2012; 27 (06) 741.e9-741.e18
• 203 Mousavi S, Levcovich B, Mojtahedzadeh M. A systematic review on pharmacokinetic changes in critically ill patients: role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Daru 2011; 19 (05) 312-321
• 204 Ahsman MJ, Wildschut ED, Tibboel D, Mathot RA. Pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime in infants during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54 (05) 1734-1741
• 205 Lee HMD, Archer JRH, Dargan PI, Wood DM. What are the adverse effects associated with the combined use of intravenous lipid emulsion and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the poisoned patient?. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2015; 53 (03) 145-150
• 206 Schneider JB, Sweberg T, Asaro LA. et al; Randomized Evaluation of Sedation Titration for Respiratory Failure (RESTORE) Study Investigators. Sedation management in children supported on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 2017; 45 (10) e1001-e1010
• 207 Davis AL, Carcillo JA, Aneja RK. et al. American College of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Parameters for hemodynamic support of pediatric and neonatal septic shock. Crit Care Med 2017; 45 (06) 1061-1093
• 208 Austin III EH, Edmonds Jr HL, Auden SM. et al. Benefit of neurophysiologic monitoring for pediatric cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 114 (05) 707-715 , 717, discussion 715–716
• 209 Kussman BD, Wypij D, Laussen PC. et al. Relationship of intraoperative cerebral oxygen saturation to neurodevelopmental outcome and brain magnetic resonance imaging at 1 year of age in infants undergoing biventricular repair. Circulation 2010; 122 (03) 245-254
• 210 Cashen K, Reeder R, Dalton HJ. et al; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network (CPCCRN). Hyperoxia and hypocapnia during pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: associations with complications, mortality, and functional status among survivors. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2018; 19 (03) 245-253
• 211 Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. ELSO Anticoagulation Guideline 2014. [Available from: https://www.elso.org/Portals/0/Files/elsoanticoagulationguideline8-2014-table-contents.pdf
• 212 Bembea MM, Schwartz JM, Shah N. et al. Anticoagulation monitoring during pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO J 2013; 59 (01) 63-68
• 213 Haines NM, Rycus PT, Zwischenberger JB, Bartlett RH, Ündar A. Extracorporeal Life Support Registry Report 2008: neonatal and pediatric cardiac cases. ASAIO J 2009; 55 (01) 111-116
• 214 Barbaro RP, Paden ML, Guner YS. et al; ELSO member centers. Pediatric extracorporeal life support organization registry international report 2016. ASAIO J 2017; 63 (04) 456-463
• 215 Bairdain S, Betit P, Craig N. et al. Diverse morbidity and mortality among infants treated with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Cureus 2015; 7 (04) e263
• 216 Pluim T, Halasa N, Phillips SE, Fleming G. The morbidity and mortality of patients with fungal infections before and during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2012; 13 (05) e288-e293
• 217 Brunetti MA, Gaynor JW, Retzloff LB. et al. Characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use in pediatric cardiac ICUs: a report from the pediatric cardiac critical care consortium registry. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2018; 19 (06) 544-552
• 218 Nasr DM, Rabinstein AA. Neurologic complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Clin Neurol 2015; 11 (04) 383-389
• 219 Chrysostomou C, Morell VO, Kuch BA, O'Malley E, Munoz R, Wearden PD. Short- and intermediate-term survival after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children with cardiac disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 146 (02) 317-325
• 220 Gander JW, Fisher JC, Reichstein AR. et al. Limb ischemia after common femoral artery cannulation for venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: an unresolved problem. J Pediatr Surg 2010; 45 (11) 2136-2140
• 221 Gray BW, Haft JW, Hirsch JC, Annich GM, Hirschl RB, Bartlett RH. Extracorporeal life support: experience with 2,000 patients. ASAIO J 2015; 61 (01) 2-7
• 222 Paden ML, Warshaw BL, Heard ML, Fortenberry JD. Recovery of renal function and survival after continuous renal replacement therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2011; 12 (02) 153-158
• 223 Ricci Z, Pezzella C, Romagnoli S. et al. High levels of free haemoglobin in neonates and infants undergoing surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2014; 19 (02) 183-187
• 224 Jacobs SE, Berg M, Hunt R, Tarnow-Mordi WO, Inder TE, Davis PG. Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (01) CD003311
• 225 Moler FW, Silverstein FS, Holubkov R. et al; THAPCA Trial Investigators. Therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in children. N Engl J Med 2015; 372 (20) 1898-1908
• 226 Moler FW, Silverstein FS, Holubkov R. et al; THAPCA Trial Investigators. Therapeutic Hypothermia after In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Children. N Engl J Med 2017; 376 (04) 318-329
• 227 Maconochie IK, de Caen AR, Aickin R. et al; Pediatric Basic Life Support and Pediatric Advanced Life Support Chapter Collaborators. Part 6: pediatric basic life support and pediatric advanced life support: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Resuscitation 2015; 95: e147-e168
• 228 Wyllie J, Bruinenberg J, Roehr CC, Rüdiger M, Trevisanuto D, Urlesberger B. European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2015: section 7. Resuscitation and support of transition of babies at birth. Resuscitation 2015; 95: 249-263
• 229 Field DJ, Firmin R, Azzopardi DV, Cowan F, Juszczak E, Brocklehurst P. NEST Study Group. Neonatal ECMO study of temperature (NEST)–a randomised controlled trial. BMC Pediatr 2010; 10: 24
• 230 Field D, Juszczak E, Linsell L. et al; NEST Study Collaborative Group. Neonatal ECMO study of temperature (NEST): a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2013; 132 (05) e1247-e1256
• 231 Wolf MJ, Chanani NK, Heard ML, Kanter KR, Mahle WT. Early renal replacement therapy during pediatric cardiac extracorporeal support increases mortality. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 96 (03) 917-922
• 232 Lex DJ, Tóth R, Czobor NR. et al. Fluid overload is associated with higher mortality and morbidity in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016; 17 (04) 307-314
• 233 Sutherland SM, Zappitelli M, Alexander SR. et al. Fluid overload and mortality in children receiving continuous renal replacement therapy: the prospective pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy registry. Am J Kidney Dis 2010; 55 (02) 316-325
• 234 Mah KE, Hao S, Sutherland SM. et al. Fluid overload independent of acute kidney injury predicts poor outcomes in neonates following congenital heart surgery. Pediatr Nephrol 2018; 33 (03) 511-520
• 235 Chauhan S, Malik M, Malik V, Chauhan Y, Kiran U, Bisoi AK. Extra corporeal membrane oxygenation after pediatric cardiac surgery: a 10 year experience. Ann Card Anaesth 2011; 14 (01) 19-24
• 236 Alsoufi B, Al-Radi OO, Gruenwald C. et al. Extra-corporeal life support following cardiac surgery in children: analysis of risk factors and survival in a single institution. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2009; 35 (06) 1004-1011 , discussion 1011
• 237 Punn R, Axelrod DM, Sherman-Levine S, Roth SJ, Tacy TA. Predictors of mortality in pediatric patients on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014; 15 (09) 870-877
• 238 Mattke CA, Haisz E, Pandya N, Black A, Venugopal P. Creating a controlled arterio-venous shunt by reversing the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation blood flow: a strategy for weaning patients off veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18 (10) 973-976
• 239 Garcia AV, Jeyaraju M, Ladd MR. et al. Survey of the American Pediatric Surgical Association on cannulation practices in pediatric ECMO. J Pediatr Surg 2018; 53 (09) 1843-1848
• 240 Ijsselstijn HMM, Hoskote A. Outcomes, complications, and follow up of neonates with respiratory failure. In: Brogan TVLL, Lorusso R, MacLaren G, Peek G. editor. Extracorporeal Life Support: The ELSO Red Book. 5 ed.. Ann Arbor, MI2017; p. 217–30
• 241 Prodhan P. Outcomes, Complications, and Followup of Children with Respiratory Failure. In: Brogan TVLL, Lorusso R, MacLaren G, Peek G. editor. Extracorporeal Life Support: The ELSO Red Book. 5 ed.. Ann Arbor, MI2017; p. 297-305
• 242 Costello JM, O'Brien M, Wypij D. et al. Quality of life of pediatric cardiac patients who previously required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2012; 13 (04) 428-434
• 243 Garcia Guerra G, Robertson CMT, Alton GY. et al; Western Canadian Complex Pediatric Therapies Follow-Up Group. Health-related quality of life in pediatric cardiac extracorporeal life support survivors. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014; 15 (08) 720-727
• 244 Garcia Guerra G, Zorzela L, Robertson CMT. et al; Western Canadian Complex Pediatric Therapies Follow-up Group. Survival and neurocognitive outcomes in pediatric extracorporeal-cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 2015; 96: 208-213
• 245 Chrysostomou C, Maul T, Callahan PM. et al. Neurodevelopmental outcomes after pediatric cardiac ECMO support. Front Pediatr 2013; 1: 47
• 246 Murray M, Nield T, Larson-Tuttle C, Seri I, Friedlich P. Sensorineural hearing loss at 9-13 years of age in children with a history of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2011; 96 (02) F128-F132
• 247 Schiller RM, van den Bosch GE, Muetzel RL. et al. Neonatal critical illness and development: white matter and hippocampus alterations in school-age neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation survivors. Dev Med Child Neurol 2017; 59 (03) 304-310
• 248 Zwiers AJM, IJsselstijn H, van Rosmalen J. et al. CKD and hypertension during long-term follow-up in children and adolescents previously treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 9 (12) 2070-2078
• 249 Madderom MJ, Reuser JJCM, Utens EMWJ. et al. Neurodevelopmental, educational and behavioral outcome at 8 years after neonatal ECMO: a nationwide multicenter study. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39 (09) 1584-1593
• 250 van der Cammen-van Zijp MHM, Gischler SJ, Hop WCJ, de Jongste JC, Tibboel D, Ijsselstijn H. Deterioration of exercise capacity after neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Eur Respir J 2011; 38 (05) 1098-1104
• 251 Ryerson LM, Guerra GG, Joffe AR. et al; Western Canadian Complex Pediatric Therapies Program Follow-Up Group. Survival and neurocognitive outcomes after cardiac extracorporeal life support in children less than 5 years of age: a ten-year cohort. Circ Heart Fail 2015; 8 (02) 312-321
• 252 Cashen K, Reeder R, Dalton HJ. et al; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network (CPCCRN). Functional status of neonatal and pediatric patients after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18 (06) 561-570
• 253 Boyle K, Felling R, Yiu A. et al. Neurologic outcomes after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a systematic review. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2018; 19 (08) 760-766
• 254 Zwiers AJ, de Wildt SN, Hop WC. et al. Acute kidney injury is a frequent complication in critically ill neonates receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a 14-year cohort study. Crit Care 2013; 17 (04) R151
• 255 Polimenakos AC, Rizzo V, El-Zein CF, Ilbawi MN. Post-cardiotomy rescue extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in neonates with single ventricle after intractable cardiac arrest: attrition after hospital discharge and predictors of outcome. Pediatr Cardiol 2017; 38 (02) 314-323
• 256 IJsselstijn H, Breatnach C, Hoskote A. et al; CDH EURO Consortium Group. Defining outcomes following congenital diaphragmatic hernia using standardised clinical assessment and management plan (SCAMP) methodology within the CDH EURO consortium. Pediatr Res 2018; 84 (02) 181-189
• 257 Masson R, Colas V, Parienti JJ. et al. A comparison of survival with and without extracorporeal life support treatment for severe poisoning due to drug intoxication. Resuscitation 2012; 83 (11) 1413-1417
• 258 Blumenstein J, Leick J, Liebetrau C. et al. Extracorporeal life support in cardiovascular patients with observed refractory in-hospital cardiac arrest is associated with favourable short and long-term outcomes: a propensity-matched analysis. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2016; 5 (07) 13-22
• 259 Lin JW, Wang MJ, Yu HY. et al. Comparing the survival between extracorporeal rescue and conventional resuscitation in adult in-hospital cardiac arrests: propensity analysis of three-year data. Resuscitation 2010; 81 (07) 796-803
• 260 Choi DS, Kim T, Ro YS. et al. Extracorporeal life support and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in a nationwide registry: a propensity score-matched analysis. Resuscitation 2016; 99: 26-32
• 261 Kim SJ, Jung JS, Park JH, Park JS, Hong YS, Lee SW. An optimal transition time to extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for predicting good neurological outcome in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a propensity-matched study. Crit Care 2014; 18 (05) 535
• 262 Maekawa K, Tanno K, Hase M, Mori K, Asai Y. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of cardiac origin: a propensity-matched study and predictor analysis. Crit Care Med 2013; 41 (05) 1186-1196
• 263 Gray BW, Haft JW, Hirsch JC, Annich GM, Hirschl RB, Bartlett RH. Extracorporeal life support: experience with 2,000 patients. ASAIO J 2015; 61 (01) 2-7
• 264 Gupta P, Beam B, Schmitz ML. Outcomes associated with the use of renal replacement therapy in children receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after heart surgery: a multi-institutional analysis. Pediatr Nephrol 2015; 30 (06) 1019-1026