Thrombosis in the Young: Effect of Atherosclerotic Risk Factors on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction Associated with Prothrombotic Factors

• References

• 1 Rosendaal FR, Siscovick DS, Schwartz SM, Beverly RK, Psaty BM, Longstreth WT, Ragunathan TE, Koepsell TD, Reitsma PH. Factor VLeiden (resistance to activatedproteinC) increases therisk of myocardial infarction in young women. In Press Blood. 1997
• 2 Davies MJ. Stability and instability: two faces of coronary atherosclerosis: The Paul Dudley White Lecture 1995. Circulation 1996; 94: 2013-2020
• 3 Ambrose JA, Tannenbaum MA, Alexopoulos D, Hjemdahl-Monsen GE, Leavy J, Weiss M, Borrico S, Gorlin R, Fuster V. Angiographic progression of coronary artery disease and the development of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 12: 56-62
• 4 Little WC, Constantinescu M, Applegate RJ, Kutcher MA, Burrows MT, Kahl FR, Santamore WP. Can coronary angiography predict the site of a subsequent myocardial infarction in patients with mild-to-moderate coronary artery disease?. Circulation 1988; 78: 1157-1166
• 5 Uhl GS, Farrell PW. Myocardial infarction in young adults: risk factors and natural history. Am Heart J 1983; 105: 548-553
• 6 Zimmerman FH, Cameron A, Fisher LD, Ng G. Myocardial infarction in young adults: angiographic characterization, risk factors and prognosis (Coronary Artery Surgery Study Registry). J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 26: 654-656
• 7 Sydney S, Petitti DB, Quesenberry CP, Klatsky AL, Ziel HK, Wolf S. Myocardial infarction in users of low-dose oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 88: 939-944
• 8 Bergstrand R, Vedin A, Wilhelmsson C, Wallin J, Wedel H, Wilhelmsen L. Myocardial infarction among men below age 40. Brit Heart J 1978; 40: 783-788
• 9 Kanitz MG, Giovannucci SJ, Jones JS, Mott M. Myocardial infarction in young adults: risk factors and clinical features. J Emerg Med 1996; 14: 139-145
• 10 McKenna WJ, Chew CYC, Oakley CM. Myocardial infarction with normal coronary angiogram: possible mechanism of smoking risk in coronary artery disease. Br Heart J 1980; 43: 493-498
• 11 Stadel BV. Oral contraceptives and cardiovascular disease (first of two parts). N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 612-618
• 12 Sartwell PhE, Stolley P. Oral contraceptives and cardiovascular disease. Epidemiol Rev 1982; 4: 095-109
• 13 Wenger NK. Gender differences in coronary risk and risk factors. In: Prevention of Myocardial Infarction. Manson JE, Ridker PM, Gaziano JM, Hennekens CH. eds Oxford University Press; New York: 1996. pp 387-412
• 14 Rissanen Am, Nikkila EE. Role of family history in coronary heart disease at young age. In: Roskamm H. ed Myocardial infarction at young age. Heidelberg; Springer-Verlag: 1981
• 15 Dammerman M, Breslow JL. Genetic determinants of myocardial infarction. In: Prevention of Myocardial Infarction. Manson JE, Ridker PM, Gaziano JM, Hennekens CH. eds Oxford University Press; New York: 1996. PP 55-88
• 16 Orth-Gomer K, Mittleman MA, Schenk-Gustafsson K, Wamala SP, Eriksson M, Belkic K, Kirkeeide R, Svane B, Ryden L. Lipoprotein(a) as a determinant of coronary heart disease in young women. Circulation 1997; 95: 329-334
• 17 Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ. A prospective study of lipoprotein(a) and the risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA 1993; 270: 2195-2199
• 18 Mead TW, Brozovic M, Chakrabarti RR, Haines AP, Imeson JD, Mellows S, Miller GJ, North WRS, Stirling Y, Thompson SG. Haemostatic function and ischemic heart disease: principal results of the Northwick Park Heart Study. Lancet 1986; 533-537
• 19 Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Cerskus A, Stampfer MJ. Plasma concentration of cross-linked fibrin degradation product (D-Dimer) and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation 1994; 90: 2236-2240
• 20 Ridker PM, Vaughan DE, Stampfer MJ. Endogenous tissue-type plasminogens activator and risk of myocardial infarction. Lancet 1993; 341: 1165-1168
• 21 Mead TW, Imeson J, Stirling Y. Effects of changes in smoking and other characteristics on clotting factors and the risk of ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 1988; 986-988
• 22 Mead TW. Fibrinogen in ischemic heart disease. Euro Heart J 1995; 16 (suppl A) 31-35 Hamsten A, Wiman B, de Fai, Blomback M. Increased plasma levels of a rapid inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator in young survivors of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1557-1563
• 23 Lee AJ, Flanagan A, Rumley A, Fowkes FGR, Lowe GDO. Relationship between alcohol intake and tissue plasminogen activator antigen and other haemostatic factors in the general population. Fibrinolysis 1995; 8: 49-54
• 24 Ridker PM, Vaughan DE. Potential antithrombic and fibrinolytic properties of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. J Thromb Thrombolysis 1995; 1: 251-257
• 25 Fugii S, Sobel BE. Direct effects of gemfibrozil on the fibrinolytic system: diminution of synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1. Circulation 1992; 85: 1888-1893
• 26 Folsom AR, Qamhieh HT, Wing RR, Jeffery RW, Stinson VL, Kuller LH, Wu KK. Impact of weight loss on plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), factor VII, and other hemostatis factors in moderately overweight adults. Arterioscler Thromb 1993; 13: 162-169
• 27 Vague P, Juhan-Vague I, Aillaud MR, Badier C, Viard R, Alessi MC, COllecn D. Correlation between blood fibrinolytic activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor level, plasma insulin level, and relative body weight in normal and obese subjects. Metabolism 1986; 35: 250-253
• 28 Meilahn EN, Kuller LH, Mathews KA, Kiss JE. Hemostatic factors according to menopausal status and use of hormones replacement therapy. Ann Epidemiology 1992; 2: 445-455
• 29 Scarabin PY, Plu-Bureau G, Bara L, Bonithon-Kopp C, Guize L, Samama MM. Haemostatic variables and menopausal status: influence of hormone replacement therapy. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1993; 70: 584-587
• 30 Laug WE. Ethyl alcohol enhances plasminogen activator secretion by endothelial cells. JAMA 1983; 250 (06) 772-776
• 31 Yarnell JW, Baker IA, Sweetnam PM, et al. Fibrinogen, viscosity, and white blood cell count are major risk factors for ischemic heart disease: the Caerphilly and Speedwell Collaborative Heart Disease Studies. Circulation 1996; 83: 836-844
• 32 Ridker PM, Vaughan DE, Stampfer MJ, Sacks FM, Hennekens CH. A cross-sectional study of endogenous tissue plasminogen activator, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and apolipoproteins A-I,A-II, and B-100. Arterioscler Thromb 1993; 13: 1587-1592
• 33 Yu Q, Safavi F, Roberts R, Marian AJ. A variant of b fibrinogen is a genetic risk factor for coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. J Investig Med 1996; 44: 1540159
• 34 Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Lindpaintner K, Stampfer MJ, Miletich JP. Arterial and venous thrombosis is not associated with the 4G/5G polymorphism in the promoter of the plasminogen activator inhibitor gene in a large cohort of US men. Circulation 1997; 95: 59-62
• 35 Erikson P, Kallin B, van’t Hooft FM, Bavenholm P, Hamsten A. Allele-specific increase in basal transcription of the plas-minogen-activator inhibitor 1 gene is associated with myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 1851-1855
• 36 Weiss EJ, Bray PF, Tayback M, et al. A polymorphism of a platelet glycoprotein receptor as an inherited risk factor for coronary thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1090-1094
• 37 Carter AM, Ossei-Geming N, Grant PJ. Platelet glycoprotein Ilia PLA polymorphism in young men with myocardial infarction. Lancet 1996; 347: 485-486
• 38 Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Schmitz C, Stampfer MJ, Lind paintner. PI^A1/A2 polymorphism of platelet glycoprotein IIIa and risks of myocardial infarction, stroke, and venous thrombosis. Lancet 1997; 349: 385-388
• 39 Newman PJ. Platelet alloantigens: cardiovascular as well as immunological risk factors?. Lancet 1997; 349: 370-371
• 40 Allaart CF, Poort SR, Rosendaal FR, Reitsma PH, Bertina RM, Briet E. Increased risk of venous thrombosis in carriers of protein C deficiency defect. Lancet 1993; 341: 134-138
• 41 Allaart CF, Aronson DC, Ruys T, Rosendaal FR, van Bockel JH, Bertina RM, Briet E. Hereditary protein S deficiency in young adults with arterial occlusive disease. Throm Haemost 1990; 64 (02) 206-210
• 42 Rosendaal FR, Koster T, Vandenbroucke JP, Reitsma PH. High risk of thrombosis in patients homozygous for factor V Leiden (activated protein C resistance). Blood 1995; 85: 1504-1508
• 43 Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Lindpaintner K, Stampfer MJ, Eisenberg PR, Miletich JP. Mutation in the gene coding for coagulation Factor V and the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and venous thrombosis in apparently healthy men. N Eng1 J Med 1995; 332: 912-917
• 44 Poort SR, Rosendaal FR, Reitsma PH, Bertina RM. A common genetic variation in the 3-untranslated region of the prothrombin gene is associated with elevated plasma prothrombin levels and an increase in venous thrombosis. Blood 1996; 88: 3698-3703
• 45 Mittleman MA, Siscovick DS. Physical exertion as a trigger of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. Cardiol Clin 1996; 14: 263-270
• 46 Mead TW. Exercise and Haemostatic function. J Cardiovascular Risk 1995; 2 (04) 323-329