TY - JOUR AU - Chikramane, Prashant Satish; Suresh, Akkihebbal K.; Bellare, Jayesh Ramesh; Kane, Shantaram Govind TI - Extreme homeopathic dilutions retain starting materials: A nanoparticulate perspective SN - 1475-4916 SN - 1476-4245 PY - 2010 JO - Homeopathy JF - Homeopathy LA - EN VL - 99 IS - 04 SP - 231 EP - 242 DA - 2017/12/17 KW - Homeopathy KW - Nanoparticles KW - Nanocrystalline materials KW - Transmission Electron Microscopy AB - Homeopathy is controversial because medicines in high potencies such as 30c and 200c involve huge dilution factors (1060 and 10400 respectively) which are many orders of magnitude greater than Avogadro’s number, so that theoretically there should be no measurable remnants of the starting materials. No hypothesis which predicts the retention of properties of starting materials has been proposed nor has any physical entity been shown to exist in these high potency medicines. Using market samples of metal-derived medicines from reputable manufacturers, we have demonstrated for the first time by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction and chemical analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), the presence of physical entities in these extreme dilutions, in the form of nanoparticles of the starting metals and their aggregates. PB - Georg Thieme Verlag KG DO - 10.1016/j.homp.2010.05.006 UR - http://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1016/j.homp.2010.05.006 ER -