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Thromb Haemost 2015; 113(06): 1210-1215
DOI: 10.1160/TH14-04-0396
Theme Issue Article
Schattauer GmbH

Optimal duration of anticoagulation

Provoked versus unprovoked VTE and role of adjunctive thrombophilia and imaging tests
Paolo Prandoni
1   Department of Medicine, Vascular Medicine Unit, University of Padua, Italy
,
Sofia Barbar
1   Department of Medicine, Vascular Medicine Unit, University of Padua, Italy
,
Marta Milan
1   Department of Medicine, Vascular Medicine Unit, University of Padua, Italy
,
Elena Campello
1   Department of Medicine, Vascular Medicine Unit, University of Padua, Italy
,
Luca Spiezia
1   Department of Medicine, Vascular Medicine Unit, University of Padua, Italy
,
Chiara Piovella
1   Department of Medicine, Vascular Medicine Unit, University of Padua, Italy
,
Raffaele Pesavento
1   Department of Medicine, Vascular Medicine Unit, University of Padua, Italy
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Received: 30 April 2014

Accepted after major revision: 24 June 2014

Publication Date:
22 November 2017 (online)

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Summary

Once anticoagulation is stopped, the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) over years after a first episode is consistently around 30%. This risk is higher in patients with unprovoked than in those with (transient) provoked VTE, and among the latter in patients with medical than in those with surgical risk factors. Baseline parameters that have been found to be related to the risk of recurrent VTE are the proximal location of deep-vein thrombosis, obesity, old age, male sex and non-0 blood group, whereas the role of inherited thrombophilia is controversial. The persistence of residual vein thrombosis at ultrasound assessment has consistently been shown to increase the risk, as do persistently high values of D-dimer and the early development of the post-thrombotic syndrome. Although the latest international guidelines suggest indefinite anticoagulation for most patients with the first episode of unprovoked VTE, strategies that incorporate the assessment of residual vein thrombosis and D-dimer have the potential to identify subjects in whom anticoagulation can be safely discontinued. Moreover, new opportunities are offered by a few emerging anti-Xa and anti-IIa oral compounds, which are likely to induce fewer haemorrhagic complications than vitamin K antagonists while preserving the same effectiveness; and by low-dose aspirin, which has the potential to prevent the occurrence of both venous and arterial thrombotic events.

Keywords

Venous thromboembolism - deep venous thrombosis - pulmonary embolism - anticoagulation - thrombophilia - residual thrombosis - ultrasonography
 

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