Download PDF
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 28(6): 624-631
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-996409
© Thieme Medical Publishers

Optimizing Therapy for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia

Sara E. Cosgrove1 , Vance G. Fowler2  Jr. 
  • 1Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
  • 2Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
20 December 2007 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

ABSTRACT

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in patients in intensive care units is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Prompt clinical attention is essential to ensure good outcomes, including identification and management of the source of infection and any associated complications. Foreign-body sources of infection should be removed or replaced in the majority of cases, and debridement of infectious foci should be undertaken. Particular attention should be given to evaluation for the presence of cardiac involvement because inadequately managed S. aureus endocarditis is life threatening. Selection of an appropriate antibiotic regimen is also an essential factor for optimal management.

KEYWORDS

Endocarditis - vancomycin - glycopeptide - daptomycin

REFERENCES

  • 1 National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2004.  Am J Infect Control. 2004;  32 470-485
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Blot S I, Vandewoude K H, Hoste E A, Colardyn F A. Outcome and attributable mortality in critically ill patients with bacteremia involving methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus .  Arch Intern Med. 2002;  162 2229-2235
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Cosgrove S E, Sakoulas G, Perencevich E N, Schwaber M J, Karchmer A W, Carmeli Y. Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis.  Clin Infect Dis. 2003;  36 53-59
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Fowler Jr V G, Olsen M K, Corey G R et al.. Clinical identifiers of complicated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.  Arch Intern Med. 2003;  163 2066-2072
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Malanoski G J, Samore M H, Pefanis A, Karchmer A W. Staphylococcus aureus catheter-associated bacteremia: minimal effective therapy and unusual infectious complications associated with arterial sheath catheters.  Arch Intern Med. 1995;  155 1161-1166
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Lautenschlager S, Herzog C, Zimmerli W. Course and outcome of bacteremia due to Staphylococcus aureus: evaluation of different clinical case definitions.  Clin Infect Dis. 1993;  16 567-573
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Ringberg H, Thoren A, Lilja B. Metastatic complications of Staphylococcus aureus septicemia. to seek is to find.  Infection. 2000;  28 132-136
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Chang F Y, Peacock Jr J E, Musher D M et al.. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: recurrence and the impact of antibiotic treatment in a prospective multicenter study.  Medicine (Baltimore). 2003;  82 333-339
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Fowler Jr V G, Li J, Corey G R et al.. Role of echocardiography in evaluation of patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: experience in 103 patients.  J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;  30 1072-1078
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Fowler Jr V G, Sanders L L, Kong L K et al.. Infective endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus: 59 prospectively identified cases with follow-up.  Clin Infect Dis. 1999;  28 106-114
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Roder B L, Wandall D A, Frimodt-Moller N, Espersen F, Skinhoj P, Rosdahl V T. Clinical features of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: a 10-year experience in Denmark.  Arch Intern Med. 1999;  159 462-469
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Sullenberger A L, Avedissian L S, Kent S M. Importance of transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.  J Heart Valve Dis. 2005;  14 23-28
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Abraham J, Mansour C, Veledar E, Khan B, Lerakis S. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis: the Grady Memorial Hospital experience with methicillin-sensitive S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteremia.  Am Heart J. 2004;  147 536-539
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Reynolds H R, Jagen M A, Tunick P A, Kronzon I. Sensitivity of transthoracic versus transesophageal echocardiography for the detection of native valve vegetations in the modern era.  J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;  16 67-70
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Fowler Jr V G, Sanders L L, Sexton D J et al.. Outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia according to compliance with recommendations of infectious diseases specialists: experience with 244 patients.  Clin Infect Dis. 1998;  27 478-486
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Chamis A L, Peterson G E, Cabell C H et al.. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in patients with permanent pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.  Circulation. 2001;  104 1029-1033
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Jernigan J A, Farr B M. Short-course therapy of catheter-related Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis.  Ann Intern Med. 1993;  119 304-311
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Wilson R, Hamburger M. Fifteen years' experience with Staphylococcus septicemia in a large city hospital: analysis of fifty-five cases in the Cincinnati General Hospital 1940 to 1954.  Am J Med. 1957;  22 437-457
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Raad I I, Sabbagh M F. Optimal duration of therapy for catheter-related Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a study of 55 cases and review.  Clin Infect Dis. 1992;  14 75-82
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Boucher H, Corey G, Filler S et al.. Appropriateness of two-week therapy for catheter-related S. aureus bacteremia. Presented at the 46th Annual Meeting of the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC). September 27-30, 2006 San Francisco, CA; Abstract number L-1204
    Google Scholar
  • 21 Small P M, Chambers H F. Vancomycin for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in intravenous drug users.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990;  34 1227-1231
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Gentry C A, Rodvold K A, Novak R M, Hershow R C, Naderer O J. Retrospective evaluation of therapies for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis.  Pharmacotherapy. 1997;  17 990-997
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Siegman-Igra Y, Reich P, Orni-Wasserlauf R, Schwartz D, Giladi M. The role of vancomycin in the persistence or recurrence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia.  Scand J Infect Dis. 2005;  37 572-578
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Stryjewski M E, Szczech L A, Benjamin Jr D K et al.. Use of vancomycin or first-generation cephalosporins for the treatment of hemodialysis-dependent patients with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.  Clin Infect Dis. 2007;  44 190-196
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Levine D P, Fromm B S, Reddy B R. Slow response to vancomycin or vancomycin plus rifampin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis.  Ann Intern Med. 1991;  115 674-680
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Markowitz N, Quinn E L, Saravolatz L D. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with vancomycin for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection.  Ann Intern Med. 1992;  117 390-398
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Fowler Jr V G, Boucher H W, Corey R et al.. Daptomycin versus standard therapy for bacteremia and endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus .  N Engl J Med. 2006;  355 653-665
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Charles P G, Ward P B, Johnson P D, Howden B P, Grayson M L. Clinical features associated with bacteremia due to heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus .  Clin Infect Dis. 2004;  38 448-451
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Khosrovaneh A, Riederer K, Saeed S et al.. Frequency of reduced vancomycin susceptibility and heterogeneous subpopulation in persistent or recurrent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.  Clin Infect Dis. 2004;  38 1328-1330
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Sakoulas G, Moise-Broder P A, Schentag J, Forrest A, Moellering Jr R C, Eliopoulos G M. Relationship of MIC and bactericidal activity to efficacy of vancomycin for treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.  J Clin Microbiol. 2004;  42 2398-2402
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Hidayat L K, Hsu D I, Quist R, Shriner K A, Wong-Beringer A. High-dose vancomycin therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: efficacy and toxicity.  Arch Intern Med. 2006;  166 2138-2144
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Baddour L M, Wilson W R, Bayer A S et al.. Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the committee on rheumatic fever, endocarditis, and Kawasaki disease, council on cardiovascular disease in the young, and the councils on clinical cardiology, stroke, and cardiovascular surgery and anesthesia, American Heart Association.  Circulation. 2005;  111 e394-e434
    Google Scholar
  • 33 Korzeniowski O, Sande M A. Combination antimicrobial therapy for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in patients addicted to parenteral drugs and in nonaddicts: a prospective study.  Ann Intern Med. 1982;  97 496-503
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Abrams B, Sklaver A, Hoffman T, Greenman R. Single or combination therapy of staphylococcal endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers.  Ann Intern Med. 1979;  90 789-791
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Simon G L, Smith R H, Sande M A. Emergence of rifampin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus during combination therapy with vancomycin and rifampin: a report of two cases.  Rev Infect Dis. 1983;  5(Suppl 3) S507-S508
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 NDA 21-572/Supplement 008 Cubicin® (daptomycin for injection): Sponsor's Background Package for Anti-Infective Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting Schedule for March 6, 2006. Report Number: NDA 21-572/S 008. Lexington, MA; Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc 2006: 1-92
    Google Scholar
  • 37 Benvenuto M, Benziger D P, Yankelev S, Vigliani G. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of daptomycin at doses up to 12 milligrams per kilogram of body weight once daily in healthy volunteers.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;  50 3245-3249
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Cunha B A, Eisenstein L E, Hamid N S. Pacemaker-induced Staphylococcus aureus mitral valve acute bacterial endocarditis complicated by persistent bacteremia from a coronary stent: cure with prolonged/high-dose daptomycin without toxicity.  Heart Lung. 2006;  35 207-211
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Silverman J A, Mortin L I, Vanpraagh A D, Li T, Alder J. Inhibition of daptomycin by pulmonary surfactant: in vitro modeling and clinical impact.  J Infect Dis. 2005;  191 2149-2152
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Stevens D L, Herr D, Lampiris H, Hunt J L, Batts D H, Hafkin B. Linezolid versus vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.  Clin Infect Dis. 2002;  34 1481-1490
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Howden B P, Ward P B, Charles P G et al.. Treatment outcomes for serious infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with reduced vancomycin susceptibility.  Clin Infect Dis. 2004;  38 521-528
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Ben Mansour E H, Jacob E, Monchi M et al.. Occurrence of MRSA endocarditis during linezolid treatment.  Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003;  22 372-373
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Ruiz M E, Guerrero I C, Tuazon C U. Endocarditis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: treatment failure with linezolid.  Clin Infect Dis. 2002;  35 1018-1020
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Sperber S J, Levine J F, Gross P A. Persistent MRSA bacteremia in a patient with low linezolid levels: correspondence.  Clin Infect Dis. 2003;  36 675-676
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Shorr A F, Kunkel M J, Kollef M. Linezolid versus vancomycin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: pooled analysis of randomized studies.  J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;  56 923-929
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA Alert: Linezolid (market as Zyvox) Information. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/infopage/linezolid/default.htm Accessed May 12, 2007
    Google Scholar
  • 47 Kaka A S, Rueda A M, Shelburne III S A, Hulten K, Hamill R J, Musher D M. Bactericidal activity of orally available agents against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus .  J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;  58 680-683
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Drew R H, Perfect J R, Srinath L, Kurkimilis E, Dowzicky M, Talbot G H. Treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections with quinupristin-dalfopristin in patients intolerant of or failing prior therapy. For the Synercid Emergency-Use Study Group.  J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000;  46 775-784
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Olsen K M, Rebuck J A, Rupp M E. Arthralgias and myalgias related to quinupristin-dalfopristin administration.  Clin Infect Dis. 2001;  32 e83-e86
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Watanakunakorn C. Clindamycin therapy of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: clinical relapse and development of resistance to clindamycin, lincomycin and erythromycin.  Am J Med. 1976;  60 419-425
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Paterson D L. Clinical experience with recently approved antibiotics.  Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2006;  6 486-490
    PubMedGoogle Scholar

Sara E CosgroveM.D. M.S. 

Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Osler 425

600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287

Email: scosgro1@jhmi.edu

      >