Download PDF
Facial Plast Surg 2021; 37(04): 424-431
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1727247
Original Article

Mechanisms of Soft Tissue Injury

Oneida A. Arosarena 
1   Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
2   Office of Health Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
,
Issam N. Eid
1   Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Soft tissue trauma to the face is challenging to manage due to functional and aesthetic concerns. Management requires careful regional considerations to maintain function such as visual fields and oral competence in periorbital and perioral injuries, respectively. Basic wound management principles apply to facial soft tissue injuries including copious irrigation and tension-free closure. There is no consensus and high-level evidence for antibiotic prophylaxis especially in various bite injuries. Ballistic injuries and other mechanisms are briefly reviewed. Scar revision for soft tissue injuries can require multiple procedures and interventions. Surgery as well as office procedures such as resurfacing with lasers can be employed and will be reviewed.

Keywords

facial soft tissue injuries - bites - wound healing - scars - esthetics


Publication History

Article published online:
14 May 2021

© 2021. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

  • References

  • 1 Choi J, Lorenz HP, Spain DA. Review of facial trauma management. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020; 88 (04) e124-e130
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Vasconez HC, Buseman JL, Cunningham LL. Management of facial soft tissue injuries in children. J Craniofac Surg 2011; 22 (04) 1320-1326
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Kretlow JD, McKnight AJ, Izaddoost SA. Facial soft tissue trauma. Semin Plast Surg 2010; 24 (04) 348-356
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Rieck KL, Fillmore WJ, Ettinger KS. Late revision or correction of facial trauma-related soft-tissue deformities. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2013; 25 (04) 697-713
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Mobley SR, Sjogren PP. Soft tissue trauma and scar revision. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2014; 22 (04) 639-651
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Faria PE, de Souza Carvalho AC, Masalskas B, Chihara L, Sant'Ana E, Filho OM. Surgical reconstruction of lower face degloving. J Craniofac Surg 2016; 27 (07) e683-e685
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Bhattacharya V. Management of soft tissue wounds of the face. Indian J Plast Surg 2012; 45 (03) 436-443
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 McDonald TJ, Lopez MA. Management of facial trauma: lessons of war. Facial Plast Surg 2010; 26 (06) 482-487
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Erdmann D, Bruno AD, Follmar KE, Stokes TH, Gonyon DL, Marcus JR. The helical arcade: anatomic basis for survival in near-total ear avulsion. J Craniofac Surg 2009; 20 (01) 245-248
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Norman ZI, Cracchiolo JR, Allen SH, Soliman AM. Auricular reconstruction after human bite amputation using the Baudet technique. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2015; 124 (01) 45-48
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Lyu Y, Ma L, Ke C, Zhang W, Liu M. A two-stage inversion technique for total auricular reconstruction: case report and literature review. BMC Surg 2018; 18 (01) 74
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Ambro BT, Wright RJ, Heffelfinger RN. Management of bite wounds in the head and neck. Facial Plast Surg 2010; 26 (06) 456-463
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Aziz H, Rhee P, Pandit V, Tang A, Gries L, Joseph B. The current concepts in management of animal (dog, cat, snake, scorpion) and human bite wounds. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015; 78 (03) 641-648
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Lee CJ, Santos PJF, Vyas RM. Epidemiology, socioeconomic analysis, and specialist involvement in dog bite wounds in adults. J Craniofac Surg 2019; 30 (03) 753-757
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Alizadeh K, Shayesteh A, Xu ML. An algorithmic approach to operative management of complex pediatric dog bites: 3-year review of a level I regional referral pediatric trauma hospital. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2017; 5 (10) e1431
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Eppley BL, Schleich AR. Facial dog bite injuries in children: treatment and outcome assessment. J Craniofac Surg 2013; 24 (02) 384-386
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Braun TL, Maricevich RS. Soft tissue management in facial trauma. Semin Plast Surg 2017; 31 (02) 73-79
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Saadi R, Oberman BS, Lighthall JG. Dog-bite-related craniofacial fractures among pediatric patients: a case series and review of literature. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2018; 11 (04) 249-255
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Rui-feng C, Li-song H, Ji-bo Z, Li-qiu W. Emergency treatment on facial laceration of dog bite wounds with immediate primary closure: a prospective randomized trial study. BMC Emerg Med 2013; 13 (Suppl. 01) S2
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Lanigan A, Lindsey B, Maturo S, Brennan J, Laury A. The joint facial and invasive neck trauma (J-FAINT) project, Iraq and Afghanistan: 2011-2016. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 157 (04) 602-607
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Brennan TE, Nicholas RG. Primary palate reconstruction combined with cranio-maxillo-facial fixation after self-inflicted gunshot wound injury: critical incision planning for regional flap reconstruction. J Craniofac Surg 2020; 31 (08) 2329-2330
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar