Download PDF
Thromb Haemost 1997; 78(01): 053-059
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1657500
Hemostatic predictors of thrombosis: the contribution of epidemiology
Schattauer GmbH Stuttgart

Fibrinolytic and Inflammatory Markers for Arterial Occlusion: The Evolving Epidemiology of Thrombosis and Hemostasis

Paul M Ridker
Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
12 July 2018 (online)

  PDF Download  Permissions and Reprints
 

  • References

  • 1 Ridker PM. Association of hemostatic and thrombotic factors with cardiovascular risk. In Schafer A. (ed) Molecular Mechanisms of Hypercoagulable States. RG Landes; New York: 1997
    Google Scholar
  • 2 Ridker PM, Vaughan DE, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Hennekens CH. Endogenous tissue-type plasminogen activator and risk of myocardial infarction. Lancet 1993; 341: 1165-1168
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Vaughan DE. Prospective study of endogenous tissue plasminogen activator and risk of stroke. Lancet 1994; 343: 940-943
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Thompson SG, Kienast J, Pyke SDM, Haverkate F, van de Loo JCW. for the European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study Group. Hemostatic factors and the risk of myocardial infarction or sudden death in patients with angina pectoris. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 635-641
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Jansson JH, Nilsson TK, Olofsson BO. Tissue plasminogen activator and other risk factors as predictors of cardiovascular events in patients with severe angina pectoris. Eur Heart J 1991; 12: 157-161
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Jansson JH, Olofsson BO, Nilsson TK. Predictive value of tissue plasminogen activator mass concentration on long term mortality in patients with coronary artery disease: A seven year follow-up. Circulation 1993; 88: 2030-2034
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Cortellaro M, Cofrancesco E, Boschetti C, Mussoni L, Donati MB, Cardillo M. et al Increased fibrin turnover and high PAI-1 activity as predictors of ischemic events in atherosclerotic patients. A case-control study. The PLAT Group Arterioscler Thromb 1993; 13: 1412-1417
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Hamsten A, Walldius G, Szamosi A. et al Plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma: risk factor for recurrent myocardial infarction. Lancet 1987; 2: 3-9
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Meade TW, Ruddock V, Stirling Y, Charkrabarti R, Miller GJ. Fibrinolytic activity, clotting factors, and long-term incidence of ischaemic heart disease in the Northwick Park Heart Study. Lancet 1993; 342: 1076-1079
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Juhan-Vague I, Pyke SDM, Alessis MC, Jespersen J, Haverkate F, Thompson SG. on behalf of the ECAT Study Group. Fibrinolytic factors and the risk of myocardial infarction or sudden death in patients with angina pectoris. Circulation 1996; 94: 2057-2063
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Folsom AR, Qamhieh HT, Wing RR. et al Impact of weight loss on plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), factor VII, and other hemostasis factors in moderately overweight adults. Arterioscler Thromb 1993; 13: 162-169
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Vague P, Juhan-Vague I, Aillaud MR. et al Correlation between blood fibrinolytic activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor level, plasma insulin level, and relative body weight in normal and obese subjects. Metabolism 1986; 35: 250-253
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Ridker PM, Vaughan DE, Stampfer MJ, Sacks FM, Hennekens CH. A cross-sectional study of endogenous tissue plasminogen activator, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and apolipoproteins AI, A-II, and B-100. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 1993; 13: 1-6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Dawson SJ, Wiman B, Hamsten A, Green F, Humphries S, Henney AM. The two allele sequences of a common polymorphism in the promotor of the plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) gene respond differently to interleukin-1 in HepG2 cells. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 10739-10745
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Ye S, Green FR, Scarabin PY, Nicaud V, Bara L, Dawson SJ, Humphies SE, Evans A, Luc G, Cambou JP, Arveller D, Henney AM, Cambien F. The 4G/5G genetic polymorphism in the promotor of die plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene is associated with differences in plasma PAI-1 activity but not with risk of myocardial infarction in the ECTIM study. Thromb Haemos 1995; 74: 837-841
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Falk G, Almqvist A, Nordenhem A, Svensson H, Wiman B. Allele specific PCR for detection of a sequence polymorphism in the promotor region of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene. Fibrinolysis 1995; 9: 170-174
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Eriksson P, Kallin B, van’t Hooft FM, Bavenholm P, Hamsten A. Allele-specific increase in basal transcription of the plasminogen-activator inhibitor 1 gene is associated with myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 1851-1855
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Lindpaintner K, Stampfer MJ, Miletich JP. Arterial and venous thrombosis is not associated with the 4G/5G polymorphism in the promotor of the plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) gene in a large cohort of US men. Circulation. in press
    Google Scholar
  • 19 Tishkoff SA, Ruano G, Kidd JR, Kidd KK. Distribution and frequency of a polymorphic Alu insertion at the plasminogen activator locus in humans. Hum Genet 1996; 97: 759-764
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 van der Bom JG, de Knijff P, Bots ML, Haverkate F, Hofman A, Kluft C, Grobbee DE. Polymorphism of the blood clot lysis enzyme tissue type plasminogen activator is associated with myocardial infarction. Circulation 1995; 92 (Suppl. 02) 01-30
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Iacoviello L, Di Casstelnuovo A, de Knijff P, D’Orazio A, Amore C, Kluft C, Donati MB. Alu-repeat polymorphism in the tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) gene, t-PA levels and risk of familial myocardial infarction (MI). Fibrinolysis 1996; 10 (Suppl. 02) 13-16
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Baker MT, Vaughan DE, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ, Ridker PM. Polymorphism in the gene coding for tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and risk of future myocardial infarction. Circulation 1996; 94: 001-460
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Scarabin PY, Plu-Bureau G, Bara L, Bonithon-Kopp C, Guize L, Samama MM. Haemostatic variables and menopausal status: influence of hormone replacement therapy. Thromb Haemost 1993; 70: 584-587
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Meilahn EN, Kuller LH, Mathews KA, Kiss JE. Hemostatic factors according to menopausal status and use of hormone replacement therapy. Ann Epidemiology 1992; 2: 445-455
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Fujii S, Sobel BE. Direct effects of gembibrozil on the fibrinolytic system. Diminution of synthesis of plasmiogen activator type 1. Circulation 1992; 85: 1888-1893
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Ridker PM, Vaughan DE, Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH. Association of moderate alcohol consumption and plasma concentration of endogenous tissue plasminogen activator. JAMA 1994; 272: 929-933
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Lee AJ, Flanagan A, Rumley A, Fowkes FGR, Lowe GDO. Relationship between alcohol intake and tissue plasminogen activator antigen and other haemostatic factors in the general population. Fibrinolysis 1995; 8: 49-54
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Ridker PM, Vaughan DE. Potential antithrombotic and fibrinolytic properties of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. J Thromb Thrombolysis 1995; 1: 251-257
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Ridker PM, Gaboury CL, Conlin PR, Seely EW, Williams GH, Vaughan DE. Stimulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor in vivo by infusion of angiotensin II: Evidence of a potential interaction between the renin angiotensin system and fibrinolytic function. Circulation 1993; 87: 1969-1973
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA. et al on behalf of the SAVE investigators. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 669-677
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Yusuf S, Pepine CJ, Garces C. et al Effect of enalapril on myocardial infarction and unstable angina in patients with low ejection fractions. Lancet 1992; 340: 1173-1178
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Wright RA, Flapan AD, Alberti KGMM, Ludlam CA, Fox KAA. Effects of captopril therapy on endogenous fibrinolysis in men with recent, uncomplicated myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Card 1994; 24: 67-73
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Vaughan DE, Rouleau JL, Ridker PM, Arnold JMO, Menapace FJ, Pfeffer MA. on behalf of the HEART study investigators. Effects of remipril on plasma fibrinolytic balance in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction. Circulation in press.
    Google Scholar
  • 34 Wilhelmsen L, Svärdsudd K, Korsan-Bengtsen K, Larsson B, Welin L, Tibblin G. Fibrinogen as a risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 501-505
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Meade TW, Mellows S, Brozovic M. et al Haemostatic function and ischemic heart disease: principal results of the Northwick Park Heart Study. Lancet 1986; 2: 533-537
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Castelli WP, D’Agostino RB. Fibrinogen and risk of cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Study. JAMA 1987; 258: 1183-1186
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Ernst E, Resch KL. Fibrinogen as a cardiovascular risk factor: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 956-963
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Heinrich J, Balleisen L, Schulte H, Assman G, van de Loo J. Fibrinogen and factor VII in the prediction of coronary risk: results from the PROCAM study in healthy men. Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 14: 54-59
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Heinrich J, Assmann G. Fibrinogen and cardiovascular risk. J Cardiovascular Risk 1995; 2: 197-205
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Nabulsi AA, Folsom AR, White A. et al for the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Investigators. Association of hormone replacement therapy with various cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1069-1075
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. JAMA 1995; 273 (03) 199-208
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Kannel WB, D’Agostino RB, Belanger AJ. Fibrinogen, cigarette smoking, and risk of cardiovascular disease: insights from the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 1006-1010
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Meade TW, Imeson J, Stirling Y. Effects of changes in smoking and other characteristics on clotting factors and the risk of ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 1987; 2: 986-988
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Goldbout U, Behar S, Reicher-Reiss H. et al Rationale and design of a secondary prevention trial of increasing serum HDL cholesterol and reducing triglycerides after myocardial infarction in patients with clinically manifest atherosclerotic heart disease (The Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention Study). Am J Cardiol 1993; 71: 909-915
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Francis CW, Connaghan DG, Scott WL, Marder VJ. Increased plasma concentration of cross-linked fibrin polymers in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1987; 75 (06) 1170-1177
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Cerskus A, Stampfer MJ. Plasma concentration of cross linked fibrin degradation product (D-dimer) and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation 1994; 90: 2236-2240
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Fowkes FGR, Lowe GDO, Housley E. et al Cross-linked fibrin degradation products, progression of peripheral arterial disease, and risk of coronary heart disease. Lancet 1993; 342: 84-86
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Salomaa V, Stinson V, Kark JD, Folsom AR, Davis CE, Wu KK. Association of fibrinolytic parameters with early atherosclerosis: The ARIC Study. Circulation 1995; 91: 284-290
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Entman ML, Ballantyne CM. Inflammation in acute coronary syndromes [Editorial]. Circulation 1993; 88: 800-803
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s. Nature 1993; 362: 801-809
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Libby P, Clinton SK. The role of macrophages in atherogenesis. Curr Opin Lipidol 1993; 4: 355-363
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Moreno PR, Falk E, Palacios IF, Newell JB, Fuster V, Fallon JT. Macrophage infiltration in acute coronary syndromes. Implications for plaque rupture. Circulation 1994; 90: 775-778
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Frenette PS, Wagner DD. Adhesion molecules—Part II. Blood vessels and blood cells. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 43-45
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Berk BC, Weintraub WS, Alexander RW. Elevation of C-reactive protein in “active” coronary disease. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 168-172
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Pietila K, Harmoinen A, Hermens W, Simoons ML, Van de Werf F, Verstraete M. Serum C-reactive protein and infarct size in myocardial infarct patients with a closed versus an open infarct-related artery after thrombolytic therapy. Eur Heart J 1993; 14: 915-919
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Liuzzo G, Biasucci LM, Gallimore JR, Grillo RL, Rebuzzi AG, Pepys MB, Maseri A. The prognostic value of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A protein in severe unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 417-424
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Kuller LH, Tracy RP, Shaten J, Meilahn EN. for the MRFIT Research Group. Relationship of C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease in the MRFIT nested case-control study. Am J Epidem 1996; 144: 537-547
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer M, Tracy R, Hennekens CH. Inflammation, aspirin, and risks of first myocardial infarction, stroke, and venous thrombosis in apparently healthy men. Submitted.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Pietila KO, Harmoinen AP, Jokiniitty J, Pasternack Al. Serium C-reactive protein concentration in acute myocardial infarction and its relationship to mortality during 24 months of follow-up in patients under thrombolytic therapy. Eur Heart J 1996; 17: 1345-1349
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Casl MT, Surina B, Glojnaric-Spasic I, Pape E, Jagarinec N, Kranjcevic S. Serum amyloid A protein in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Ann Clin Biochem 1995; 32: 196-200
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Bataille R, Klein B. C-reactive protein levels as a direct indicator of interleukin-6 levels in humans in vivo. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1992; 35: 982-984
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Mendall MA, Patel P, Ballam L, Strachan D, Northfield TC. C reactive protein and its relation to cardiovascular risk factors: a population based cross sectional study. BMJ 1996; 312: 1061-1065
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Saikku P, Leinonen M, Tenkanen L, Linnanmaki E, Ekman MR, Manninen V, Manttari M, Frick MH, Huttunen JK. Chronic chlamydia pneumoniae infection as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart Study. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 273-278
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Thom DH, Grayston JT, Siscovick DS, Wang SP, Weiss NS, Daling JR. Association of prior infection with chlamydia pneumoniae and angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease. JAMA 1992; 268: 68-72
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Patel P, Mendall MA, Carrington D, Strachan DP, Leatham E, Molineux N, Levy J, Blakeston C, Seymour CA, Camm AJ. et al Association of Helicobacter pylori and chlamydia pneumoniae infections with coronary heart disease and cardiovascular risk factors. Br Med J 1995; 311: 711-714
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Mendall MA, Goggin PM, Molineaux N, Levy J, Toosy T, Strachan D, Camm AJ, Northfield TC. Relation of helicobacter pylori infection and coronary heart disease. Br Heart J 1994; 71: 437-439
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Melnick JL, Adam E, DeBakey ME. Possible role of cytomegalovirus in atherogenesis. JAMA 1990; 263: 2204-2207
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Zhou YF, Leon MB, Waclawiw MA, Popma JJ, Yu ZX, Finkel T, Epstein SE. Association between prior cytomegalovirus infection and the risk of restenosis after coronary atherectomy. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 624-630
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Ruddock V, Meade TW. factor VII activity and ischaemic heart disease: fatal and non-ftal events. Q J Med 1994; 87: 403-406
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Jansson JH, Nilsson TK, Johnson O. von Willebrand factor in plasma: a novel risk factor for recurrent myocardial infarction and death. Br Heart J 1991; 66: 351-355
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Kienast J, Thompson SG, Raskino C, Pelzer H, Fechtrup C, Ostermann H, van de Loo. Prothrombin activation fragment 1+2 and thrombin antithrombin III complexes in patients with angina pectoris: relation to the presence and severity of coronary atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost 1993; 70: 550-553
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Thaulow E, Erikssen J, Sandvik L, Stormorken H, Cohen PF. Blood platelet count and function are related to total and cardiovascular death in apparently healthy men. Circulation 1991; 84: 613-617
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Martin JF, Bath PM, Burr ML. Influence of platelet size on outcome after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1991; 338: 1409-1411
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Trip MD, Manger Cats V, van Capelle FJL, Vreeken J. Platelet hyperreactivity and prognosis in survivors of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1549-1554
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Weiss EJ, Bray PF, Tayback M, Schulman SP, Kickler TS, Becker LC, Weiss JL, Gerstenblith G, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ. A polymorphism of a platelet glycoprotein receptor as an inherited risk factor for coronary thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1090-1094
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Schmitz C, Stampfer MJ, Lindpaintner K. A prospective study of the platelet glycoprotein IIIaPLAl/A2 polymorphism and risks of myocardial infarction, stroke, and venous thrombosis. Lancet. in press.
    Google Scholar
  • 77 Boushey CJ, Beresford SAA, Omenn GS, Motulsky AG. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease: Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA 1995; 274: 1049-1057
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Arnesen E, Refsum H, Bonaa KH, Ueland PM, Forde OH, Nordrehaug JE. Serum total homocysteine and coronary heart disease. Int J Epidemiol 1995; 24: 704-709
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Stampfer MJ, Malinow MR, Willett WC. et al A prospective study of plasma homocyst(e)ine and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians. JAMA 1992; 268: 877-881
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Rosengren A, Wilhelmsen L, Kriksson E, Risberg B, Wedel H. Lipoprotein(a) and coronary heart disease: a prospective case-control study in a general population of middle aged men. Br Med J 1990; 301: 1248-1251
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Schaefer EJ, Lamon-Fava S, Jenner JL. et al Lipoprotein(a) levels and risk of coronary heart disease in men. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. JAMA 1994; 271: 0999-1003
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Cremer P, Nagel D, Labrot B. et al Lipoprotein Lp(a) as predictor of myocardial infarction in comparison to fibrinogen, LDL cholesterol and other risk factors: results from the prospective Gottingen Risk Incidence and Prevalence Study (GRIPS). Eur J Clin Inv 1994; 24: 444-453
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ. A prospective study of lipoprotein(a) and the risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA 1993; 270: 2195-2199
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Alfthan G, Pekkanen J, Jauhiainen M. et al Relation of serum homocysteine and lipoprotein(a) concentrations to atherosclerotic disease in a prospective Finnish population based study. Atherosclerosis 1994; 106: 09-19
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Svensson PJ, Dahlback B. Resistance to activated protein C as a basis for venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 517-522
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Lindpaintner K, Stampfer MJ, Eisenberg PR, Miletich JP. Mutation in the gene coding for coagulation factor V and the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and venous thrombosis in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 912-917
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar