Thromb Haemost 1980; 44(01): 023-029
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1650073
Original Article
Schattauer GmbH Stuttgart

β-Thromboglobulin - a Specific Marker of In-Vivo Platelet Release Reaction

J Zahavi
The Thrombosis Research Unit, King's College Hospital Medical School, London, U. K.
,
V V Kakkar
The Thrombosis Research Unit, King's College Hospital Medical School, London, U. K.
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Received 24 March 1980

Accepted 16 June 1980

Publication Date:
13 July 2018 (online)

 
  • References

  • 1 Mustard JF. Platelets and thrombosis in acute myocardial infarction. In: Braunwald E. (Ed) The Myocardium; Failure and Infarction. H P Publishing Co Inc Publishers, New York: 1974: 177-194
  • 2 Spaet TH, Zucker MB. Mechanism of platelet plug formation and role of adenosine diphosphate. Amer J Physiol 1964; 206: 1267-1274
  • 3 Marcus AJ. Platelet function. New Engl J Med 1969; 280: 1213-1219
  • 4 Baumgartner HR. Pathophysiologische und experimentelle Grundlagen der Thrombogenese. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1974; 104: 109-113
  • 5 Baumgartner HR, Stemerman MB. Adhesion of blood platelets to subendothelial surface: distinct from adhesion to collagen. Experientia 1971; 27: 283-285
  • 6 Kinlough-Rathbone RL, Reimers HJ, Mustard JF, Packham MA. Sodium arachidonate can induce platelet shape change and aggregation which are independent of the release reaction. Science 1976; 192: 1011-1012
  • 7 Holmsen H. Biochemistry of the platelet release reaction. In: Biochemistry and Pharmacology of Platelets. Ciba Foundation Symposium, 35. Elsevier, North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam: 1975. pp 175-205
  • 8 Grette K. Studies on the mechanism of thrombin-catalyzed hemostatic reactions in blood platelets. Acta Physiol Scand 1962; 56 Suppl 165
  • 9 Holmsen H, Day HJ, Stormorken H. The blood platelet release reaction. Scand J Hematol 1969; Suppl 8: 1-26
  • 10 Born GV R. The functional physiology of blood platelets. In: MacFarlene RG. (Ed) hemostatic mechanisms in man and other animals. Academic Press, London: 1970. pp. 75-92
  • 11 Day HJ, Holmsen H. Concepts of the blood platelet release reaction. Ser Hematol 1971; 4: 3-27
  • 12 Hamberg M, Svensson J, Samuelsson B. Thromboxanes: a new group of biologically active compounds derived from prostaglandin endoperoxides. Proc Nathl Acad Sci USA 1975; 72: 2994-2998
  • 13 Bills TK, Smith JB, Silver MJ. Metabolism of (14C) arachidonic acid by human platelets. Biochim Biophys Acta 1976; 424: 303-314
  • 14 Smith JB, Ingerman CM, Silver MJ. Prostaglandins and platelet aggregation. In: Neri Serneri GG, Prentice CR M. Hemostasis and Thrombosis Proceedings of the Serono Symposia, Vol 15. Academic Press, London: 1979. pp. 103-112
  • 15 Spaet TH, Cintron J. Studies on platelet factor 3 availability. Brit J Haematol 1965; 11: 269-275
  • 16 Hardisty RM, Hutton RA. The kaolin clotting time of platelet-rich plasma. A test of platelet factor 3 availability. Brit J Hematol 1969; 11: 258-261
  • 17 Østerud B, Rapaport SI, Lavine KK. Factor V activity of platelets: evidence for an activated factor V molecule and for a platelet activator. Blood 1977; 49: 814-834
  • 18 Hirsh J, Buchanan M, Glynn MF, Mustard JF. Effect of streptokinase on hemostasis. Blood 1968; 32: 726-737
  • 19 Holmsen H. The platelet: its membrane, physiology and biochemistry. In: Clinics in Hematology. W B Saunders Co. London: 1972. 2 235-266
  • 20 Day HJ, Holmsen H, Hovig T. Subcellular particles of human platelets. Scand J Haematol 1969; Suppl 7: 1-53
  • 21 White JG. Dense bodies of human platelets: inherent electron opacity of serotonin storage organelles. Blood 1969; 33: 598-606
  • 22 White JG. Identification of platelet secretion in the electron microscope. Ser Hematol 1973; 6: 429-459
  • 23 Siegel A, Luscher EF. Non-identity of the granules of human blood platelets with typical lysosomes. Nature 1967; 215: 745-747
  • 24 Holmsen H, Day HJ. Adenine nucleotides and platelet function. Ser Hematol 1971; 4: 28-58
  • 25 Bentfield ME, Bainton DF. Cytochemical localization of lysosomal enzymes in rat megakaryocytes and platelets. J Clin Invest 1975; 56: 1635-1647
  • 26 Broekman MJ, Westmoreland NP, Cohen P. An improved method for isolating α granules and mitochondria from human platelets. J Cell Biol 1974; 60: 507-519
  • 27 Buker RV, Blaschko H, Born GV R. The isolation from blood platelets of particles containing 5-hydroxytryptamine and adenosine triphosphate. J Physiol 1959; 149: 55-68
  • 28 Wurzel M, Marcus AJ, Zwifach BW. Subcellular distribution of serotonin in rabbit platelets. Proc Soc Exp Biol 1965; 118: 468-472
  • 29 Holmsen H, Day HJ, Storm E. Adenine nucleotide metabolism of blood platelets. VI. Subcellular tocalization of nucleotide pools with different functions in the platelet release reaction. Biochim Biophys Acta 1969; 186: 254-266
  • 30 Stormorken H. The release reaction of serotonin. Scand J Hematol 1969; Suppl: 9
  • 31 Davis RB, White JG. Localization of 5-hydroxytryptamine in blood platelets: an autoradiographic and radiographic study. Brit J Haematol 1968; 15: 93-99
  • 32 Broekman MJ, Handin RI, Cohen P. Distribution of fibrinogen and platelet factor 4 and XIII in subcellular fractions of human platelets. Brit J Haematol 1975; 31: 51-55
  • 33 Kaplan KL, Kaplan J, Broekman J, Chernoff A, Lesznik GR, Drillings M. Platelet α granule proteins: studies on release and subcellular localization. Blood 1979; 53: 604-618
  • 34 Kaplan DR, Chao FC, Stiles CD, Antomades HN, Scher CD. Platelet α granules contain a growth factor for fibrolasts. Blood 1979; 53: 1043-1052
  • 35 Mustard JF, Movat Z, MacMorine DRL, Senyi A. Release of permeability factors from the blood platelets. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1965; 119: 988-991
  • 36 Rucinski B, Niewiarowski S, James P, Walz DA, Budzinski AZ. Antiheparin proteins secreted by human platelets. Purification, characterization, and radioimmunoassay. Blood 1979; 53: 47-62
  • 37 Bagdasarian A, Colman RW. Subcellular localization and purification of platelet α1-antitrypsin. Blood 1978; 51: 139-156
  • 38 Nachman RL, Harpel PD. Platelet α2 macroglobulin and α1 antitrypsin. J Biol Chem 1976; 251: 4512-4521
  • 39 Bagdasarian A, Colman RW. Proteolytic inhibitors of human platelets. Fed Proc 1975; 34: 242-249
  • 40 Koutts J, Walsh P, Fenton II JW, Zimmerman TS. Platelet VIII Ag release by collagen and thrombin: evidence for a new secretory pool. Clinical Research 1978; 26: 350 (Abstract)
  • 41 Holmsen H, Day HJ. The selectivity of the thrombin induced platelet release reaction. J Lab Clin Med 1970; 75: 840-855
  • 42 Murer EH. Release reaction and energy metabolism in blood platelets with a special reference to the burst in oxygen uptake. Biochim Biophys Acta 1968; 162: 320-326
  • 43 Mills DC B, Robb IA, Roberts GC K. The release of nucleotides, 5 hydroxytryptamine and enzymes from human blood platelets during aggregation. J Physiol 1968; 195: 715-729
  • 44 Holmsen H, Day HJ. Thrombin induced platelet release reaction and platelet lysosomes. Nature London 1968; 219: 760-762
  • 45 Holmsen H. Collagen-induced release of adenosine diphosphate from platelets incubated with radioactive phosphate in vitro. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1965; 17: 240-249
  • 46 Holmsen H, Setkowsky CA, Lages B, Day HJ, Weiss HJ, Scrutton MC. Content and thrombin-induced release of acid hydrolases in gel-filtered platelets from patients with storage pool disease. Blood 1975; 46: 131-142
  • 47 Wiley JS, Kuchibhotla J, Shaller CC, Colman RW. Potassium uptake and release by human blood platelets. Blood 1976; 48: 185-197
  • 48 Zahavi J. Acquired storage pool disease of platelets. Thrombos Hemost 1976; 35: 501-502
  • 49 Mustard JF, Packham MA. Factors influencing platelet function: adhesion, release and aggregation. Pharmacol Rev 1970; 22: 97-118
  • 50 Niewiarowski S, Senyi AF, Gillies P. Plasmin-induced platelet aggregation and platelet release reaction. Effects on haemostasis. J Clin Invest 1973; 52: 1647-1650
  • 51 Hamberg M, Svensson J, Samuelsson B. Prostaglandin endoperoxides: a new concept concerning the mode of action and release of prostaglandins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1974; 71: 3824-3828
  • 52 Miller OV, Johnson RA, Gorman RR. Inhibition of PGE1-stimulated cAMP accumulation in human platelets by thromboxane A2 . Prostaglandins 1977; 13: 599-609
  • 53 Gorman RR. Modulation of human platelet function by prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 . Fed Proc 1979; 38: 83-88
  • 54 Pfueller SL, Luscher EF. Studies on the mechanism of the human platelet reaction induced by immunological stimuli. II, The effects of Zymosan. J Immunol 1974; 112: 1211-1218
  • 55 Forbes CD, Prentice CR M. Aggregation of human platelets by purified porcine and bovine antihemophilic factor. Nature New Biology 1973; 241: 149-150
  • 56 Haslam RJ. Role of cyclic nucleotides in platelet function. In: Biochemistry and Pharmacology of Platelets. Ciba Foundation Symposium 35. Elsevier, North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam: 1975. p 121-151
  • 57 Luscher EF, Massini P. Common pathways of membrane reactivity after stimulation of platelets by different agents. In: Biochemistry and Pharmacology of Platelets, Ciba Foundation Symposium 35. Elsevier, North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam: 1975. p 5-21
  • 58 Niewiarowski S. Proteins secreted by the platelet. Thromb Haemostas 1977; 38: 924-938
  • 59 Moore S, Pepper DS, Cash JD. The isolation and characterization of platelet specific β-globulin (β-thromboglobulin) and the detection of anti-urokinase and anti-plasmin released from thrombin-aggregated washed human platelets. Biochim Biophys Acta 1975; 379: 360-369
  • 60 Ludlam CA. Evidence for the platelet specificity of β-thromboglobulin and studies on its plasma concentration in healthy individuals. Brit J Haematol 1979; 41: 271-278
  • 61 Begg SG, Pepper DS. Complete covalent structure of human β-thromboglobulin. Biochemistry 1978; 17: 1739-1744
  • 62 Ludlam CA, Moore S, Bolton AE, Pepper DS, Cash JD. The release of a human platelet specific protein measured by a radioimmunoassay. Thromb Res 1975; 6: 543-548
  • 63 Ludlam CA, Cash JD. Studies on the liberation of β-thromboglobulin from human platelets in vitro. Brit J Haematol 1976; 33: 239-247
  • 64 Kaplan KL, Nossel HL, Drillings J, Lesznik GR. Radioimmunoassay of platelet factor 4 and β-thromboglobulin: development and application to studies of platelet release in relation to fibrinopeptide A generation. Brit J Haematol 1978; 39: 129-146
  • 65 Williams AR, Chater BV, Allen KA, Sherwood MR, Sanderson JH. Release of β-thromboglobulin from human platelets by therapeutic intensities of ultrasound. Brit J Haematol 1978; 40: 133-142
  • 66 Holt JC, Niewiarowski S. On the relation between low affinity PF4 and β-thromboglobulin. Thromb Haemostas 1979; 42: 271
  • 67 Pareti FI, Dawes J, Franchi F, Mannucci PM, Pepper DS. Content and release of β-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 in patients with qualitative platelet defects. Thromb Res 1979; 16: 537-542
  • 68 Ludlam CA, Bolton AE, Moore S, Cash JD. New rapid method for diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. Lancet 1975; II: 259-260
  • 69 Bolton AE, Ludlam CA, Pepper DS, Moore S, Cash JD. Three approaches to the radioimmunoassay of β-thromboglobulin. Brit J Haematol 1976; 33: 233-238
  • 70 Zahavi J, Jones NA G, Leyton J, Dubiel M, Kakkar VV. Enhanced in-vivo platelet »release reaction« in old healthy individuals. Thromb Res 1980; 17: 329-336
  • 71 Rasi V. β-thromboglobulin in plasma. False high values caused by platelet enrichment of the top layer of plasma during centrifugation. Thromb Res 1979; 15: 543-552
  • 72 Ludlam CA, Cash JD. β-thromboglobulin: a new tool for the diagnosis of hypercoagulability. In: Neri Serneri GG, Prentice CR M. Hemostasis and Thrombosis. Proceedings of Serono Symposia, Vol 15 Academic Press, London: 1979. p 159-167
  • 73 Dawes J, Smith RC, Pepper DS. The release distribution and clearance of human β-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4. Thrombos Res 1978; 12: 851-881
  • 74 Cella G, Zahavi J, deHaas HA, Kakkar VV. β-thromboglobulin, platelet production time and platelet function in vascular disease. Brit J Haematol 1979; 43: 127-136
  • 75 White AM, Hespinstall S. Contribution of platelets to thrombus formation. Brit Med Bull 1978; 34: 123-133
  • 76 French JE. Aterogenesis and thrombosis. Seminars in Haematology 1971; 8: 84-94
  • 77 Mustard JF. Platelets, vessel wall and thrombosis. In: Neri Serneri GG, Prentice CR M. (eds) Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Proceedings of the Serono Symposia. Academic Press, London: 1979. 15: 77-90
  • 78 Jørgensen L, Roswell HC, Hovig T, Mustard JF. Adenosine diphosphate induced platelet aggregation and myocardial infarction in swine. Lab Invest 1967; 16: 616-644
  • 79 Prathap P. The morphology of two-year old heald platelet-rich thrombi in femoral arteries of normocholesterolaemic monkeys. Light and electronmicroscope observations. J Pathol 1973; 110: 145-151
  • 80 Diguid JB. Thrombosis as a factor in the pathogenesis of aortic atherosclerosis. J Path Bact 1948; 60: 57-61
  • 81 Diguid JB. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Lancet 1949; II: 925-930
  • 82 Moore S. Clinical correlations. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1975; 33: 417-425
  • 83 Mustard JF, Packham MA. Factors influencing platelet function: adhesion, release and aggregation. Pharmacol Rev 1970; 22: 97-118
  • 84 Haerem J. Platelet aggregates in intramyocardial vessels of patients dying suddenly and unexpectedly of coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 1972; 15: 199-213
  • 85 Haerem JW. Mural platelet microthrombi and major acute lesions of main epicardial arteries in sudden coronary death. Atherosclerosis 1974; 14: 529-541
  • 86 Gunning AJ, Pickering GW, Robb-Smith AH T, Russel RR. Mural thrombosis of the intercarotid artery and subsequent embolism. Q J Med 1964; 33: 155-195
  • 87 Torvik A, Jørgensen L. Thrombotic and embolic occlusions of the carotid arteries in an autopsy series. 2. Cerebral lesions and clinical course. J Neurol Sci 1966; 3: 410-432
  • 88 Weiss HJ. The pharmacology of platelet inhibition. Prog Hemostas Thromb 1972; 71: 199-231
  • 89 Zahavi J, Hamilton WA P, O'Reilly MJ G, Leyton J, Cotton LT, Kakkar VV. Plasmapheresis and platelet function in Raynaud's phenomenon. In: Angiology and Thrombosis, Serono Symposia. Academic Press, London: 1980. In press
  • 90 Moore S. The relation of superficial carotid scars of the kidney to aortic atherosclerosis: a hypothesis of renal ischaemia. J Path Bact 1964; 88: 471-478
  • 91 Moore S. Hypertension and renal ischaemia. Geriatrics 1969; 24: 81-90
  • 92 Moore S, Gent M. Plasma serum activity in experimental nephrosclerosis and hypertension. Forty-fifth Scientic Session of the American Heart Association. Circulation 1972; 46 Suppl II, Abstract No. 276
  • 93 Weily HS, Genton E. Altered platelet function in patients with prosthetic mitral valves. Circulation 1970; 12: 967-972
  • 94 Kaltman AJ. Late complications of heart valve replacement. Ann Rev Med 1971; 22: 343-354
  • 95 Friedli B, Aerichide N, Grondin P, Campeau L. Thromboembolic complications of heart valve prostheses. Amer Heart J 1971; 81: 702-708
  • 96 Stanford W, Lindberg EF, Armstrong RG. Implantation of heart valve prostheses without anticoagulants. J Thor Cardiov Surg 1972; 63: 648-662
  • 97 Gadboys HL, Litwak RS, Niemetz J, Wisch N. Role of anticoagulants in preventing embolization from prosthetic heart valves. J A M A 1967; 202: 282-286
  • 98 Harker LA, Ross R, Glomset JA. The role of endothelial cell injury and platelet response in atherogenesis. Thromb Hemostas 1978; 39: 312-321
  • 99 Ross R, Glomset J. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. New Engl J Med 1976; 295: 369-377
  • 100 Kottke BA, Subbiah MT R. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: concepts based on animal models. Clin Proc 1978; 53: 35-48
  • 101 Fuster V, Bowre EJ Q. The von Willebrand pig as a model for atherosclerosis research. Thromb Hemostas 1978; 39: 322-327
  • 102 Ross R, Glomset J, Kariya B, Harker LA. A platelet-dependent serum factor that stimulates the proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cell in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1974; 71: 1207-1210
  • 103 Harker LA. Inhibitors of platelet function in the prevention of arterial thrombosis. Ser Hematol 1975; 8: 105-110
  • 104 Harker LA, Finch CA. Thrombokinetics in man. J Clin Invest 1969; 48: 963-974
  • 105 Harker LA, Slichter SJ. Studies of platelet and fibrinogen kinetics in patients with prosthetic heart valves. New Engl J Med 1970; 283: 1302-1305
  • 106 Harker LA, Slichter SJ. In: Coagulation Current Research and Clinical Application. (ed by Schmer G and Strandjord PE. ) Academic Press New York: 1973. p. 101-112
  • 107 Parker-Williams EJ. Platelets in prostheses and pumps. In: Brien JR. (Ed) Clinics in Hematology, No 2. W B Saunders Co London: 1972. I: 413-423
  • 108 Steele PP, Weily HS, Davies H, Genton E. Platelet survival in patients with rheumatic heart disease. New Engl J Med 1974; 290: 537-539
  • 109 Mustard JF, Roswell HC, Lotz F, Hergardt B, Murphy EA. The effect to adenine nucleotides on thrombus formation, platelet count and blood coagulation. Exp Mol Pathol 1966; 5: 43-60
  • 110 Mustard JF, Roswell HG, Murphy EA. Platelet economy (platelet survival and turnover). Brit J Haematol 1966; 12: 1-24
  • 111 Reimers HJ, Kinlough-Rathbone RL, Cazenave JP, Senyi AF, Hirsh J, Packham MA, Mustard JF. In vitro and in-vitro function of thrombin-treated platelets. Thromb Hemostas 1976; 35: 151-166
  • 112 Zahavi J, Marder VJ. Acquired "storage pool disease" of platelets associated with circulating anti-platelet antibodies. Amer J Med 1974; 56: 883-891
  • 113 Abrahamsen AF. Platelet survival studies in man with special reference to thrombosis and atherosclerosis. Scand J Haematol 1968; Suppl 3: 7-53
  • 114 Gordon T, Castelli WP, Hjortland MC, Kannel EW, Dawber TR. High density lipoproteins as a protective factor against coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Am J Med 1977; 62: 707-714
  • 115 Canadian Stroke Study Group A randomized trial of aspirin and sulphinpyrazone in threatened stroke. New Engl J Med 1978; 299: 53-59
  • 116 Jones NA G, Zahavi J, de Haas HA, Clark SE, Leyton J, Kakkar VV. Platelet function in arterial vascular disease. Thromb Haemostas 1979; 42: 147
  • 117 Matsuda T, Seki T, Ogawara M, Miura R, Yokouchi M, Murakami M. Comparison between plasma levels of β-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 in various diseases. Thromb Haemostas 1979; 42: 288
  • 118 Hughes A, Daunt S, Vass G, Wickes J. Beta thromboglobulin and myocasrdial infarction. Seventh International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, London 1979; Abstract: 850
  • 119 Denham MJ, Fisher M, James G, Hassan M. β-thromboglobulin in venous and arterial thrombosis (Letter). Lancet 1977; I: 1154
  • 120 Ludlam CA, Allen N, Blandford RB, Dowdle R, Bentley N, Bloom AL. β-thromboglobulin and platelet survival in patients with rheumatic disease and prosthetic cardiac valves and their treatment with sulfinpyrazone. Thromb Haemostas 1979; 42: 329
  • 121 Cella G, Lane DA, Kakkar VV, Donato A, Dalla VoltaS. Plasma β-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 levels in cardiac valve prosthesis. Thromb Haemostas 1979; 42: 134
  • 122 College of General Practitioners A diabetic survey. Brit Med J 1962; 1: 1497-1500
  • 123 Kannel WB, Castelli WP, Gordon T, McNamara PM. Serum cholesterol, lipoproteins and the risk of coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 1971; 74: 1-12
  • 124 Mansolf FA. In: The Eye in Systemic Disease . C V Mosby, St. Louis: 1975
  • 125 O'Malley BC, Timperly WR, Ward JD, Porter NR, Preston FE. Platelet abnormalities in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Lancet 1975; II: 1274-1276
  • 126 Kwaan HC, Colwell JA, Cruz S, Suwanwela N, Dobbie JC. Increased platelet aggregation in diabetes mellitus. J Lab Clin Med 1972; 80: 236-246
  • 127 Bloodworth JM B, Molitor DL. Ultrastructural aspects of human and canine diabetic retinopathy. Invest Opthalmol 1965; 4: 1037-1048
  • 128 Timperly WR, Ward JD, Preston FE, Duckworth T, O'Malley BC. A reassessment of small vessel disease in diabetic neuropathy. Diabetologia 1975; 11: 379-380
  • 129 Timperly WR, Preston FE, Ward JD. Cerebral intavascular coagulation in diabetic ketoacidosis. Lancet 1974; I: 952-956
  • 130 Heath H, Bridgen WD, Canever JV, Pollock J, Hunter PR, Kelsey J, Bloom AL. Platelet adhesivenes and aggregation in relation to diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 1971; 7: 308-315
  • 131 Bensoussan D, Levey-Toledano S, Passa IP, Caen J, Canivet J. Platelet hyperaggregation and increased plasma level of von Willebrand factor in diabetics with retinopathy. Diabetologia 1975; 11: 307-312
  • 132 Gensini GF, Abbate R, Favilla S, Neri Serneri GG. Changes of platelet function and blood clotting in diabetes mellitus. Thromb Hemostas 1979; 42: 983-993
  • 133 Burrows AW, Chaven SI, Hockaday TD R. Plasma-thromboglobulin concentrations in diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1978; I: 235-237
  • 134 Preston FE, Ward JD, Marcola BH, Poster NR, Timperley R. Elevated β-thromboglobulin levels and circulating platelet aggregates in diabetic microangiopathy. Lancet 1978; I: 238-240
  • 135 Schernthaner G, Silberbauer K, Sinzinger H, Muller M. Plasma β-thromboglobulin and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA) in type I and type II diabetes mellitus. Thromb Haemostas 1979; 42: 334
  • 136 Zahavi J, Jones NA G, Betteridge DJ, Leyton J, Galton DJ, Clark SE, Kakkar VV. Platelet factor 4, β-ßthromboglobulin, malondialdehyde formation and blood lipids in patients with diabetes mellitus. Thromb Haemostas 1979; 42: 334
  • 137 Zahavi J, Betteridge DJ, Jones NA G, Leyton J, Galton DJ, Kakkar VV. Enhanced in-vivo platelet relase reaction in diabetic patients with retinopathy. In Angiology and Thrombosis, Serono Symposia. Academic Press, London: 1980. in press
  • 138 MacMillian RM, Macintyre DE, Booth A, Gordon JL. Malondialdehyde formation in intact platelets is catalysed by thromboxane synthetase. Biochem J 1978; 176: 595-598
  • 139 Carlson LA, Bottinger LE. Ischaemic heart disease in relation to fasting values of plasma triglycerides and cholesterol. Lancet 1972; I: 865-868
  • 140 Kannel WB, Castelli WP, McNamara PM. The coronary profile: 12 year follow-up in the Framingham study. J Occup Med 1967; 9: 611-619
  • 141 Colman RW. Platelet function in hyperbetalipoproteinemia. Thromb Hemostas 1978; 39: 284-293
  • 142 Shattil SJ, Bennett JS, Colman RW, Cooper RA. Abormalities of cholesterol phospholipid composition in platelets and low density lipoproteins of human hyperbetalipoproteinemia. J Lab Clin Med 1977; 39: 341-353
  • 143 Carvalho AC A, Colman RW, Lees RS. Platelet function in hyperbetalioproteinemia. New Engl J Med 1974; 290: 434-438
  • 144 Joist JH, Balser K, Schoenfeld G. Increased in-vitro platelet function in type II and type IV hyperbetalipoproteinemia. Thrombos Res 1979; 15: 95-108
  • 145 Tremoli E, Madera P, Sirtori M, Sirtori CR. Malondialdehyde formation in type II a hypercholesteremic patients. Haemostasis 1979; 8: 47-53
  • 146 Nørdoy A, Rødset JM. Platelet function and platelet phospholipids in patients with hyperbetalipoproteinemia: effect of nicotinic acid and clofibrate. Acta Med Scand 1971; 189: 385-389
  • 147 Zahavi J, Betteridge DJ, Jones NA G, Galton DJ, Leyton J, Kakkar VV. β-thromboglobulin, platelet factor 4 and malondialdehyde formation in hyperlipidemic patients. Thromb Haemostas 1979; 42: 424
  • 148 Green D, Santhanam S, Krumlovsky FA, del Greco F. β-thromboglobulin in patients with chronic renal failure: effect of hemodialysis. Thromb Haemostas 1979; 42: 416
  • 149 Depperman D, Andrassy K, Seeling H, Ritz E, Post D. Evidence for dependence of beta thromboglobulin levels on renal function. Thromb Haemostas 1979; 42: 416
  • 150 Niewiarowski S, Guzzo J, Rav AK, Berman I, James P. Increased levels of low affinity platetet factor 4 in plasma and urine of patients with chronic renal failure. Thromb Haemostas 1979; 42: 416
  • 151 O'Reilly MJ G, Zahavi J, Dubiel M, Cotton LT, Kakkar VV. Plamapheresis and platelet function in Raynaud's phenomenon. Thromb Haemostas 1979; 42: 338
  • 152 Talpos G, Horrocks M, White JM, Cotton LT. Plasmapheresis in Raynaud's disease. Lancet 1978; I: 416-418
  • 153 Farrel RJ, Duffy MJ, Duffy GJ. Elevated plasma betathromboglobulin in patients with malignancy. Thromb Haemostas 1979; 42: 143
  • 154 Boughton BJ, Allington MJ, King A. Platelet and plasma β-thromboglobulin in myeloproliferative syndromes and secondary thrombocytosis. Brit J Haematol 1978; 40: 125-132
  • 155 Rossi E, Cossu MM, Margstakler E, Mondonico P, Tantalo V, Edefonti A. FVIII R: Ag/FVIII ratio and betathromboglobulin levels in haemolytic uremic syndrome in children. Thromb Haemostas 1979; 42: 410
  • 156 Han P, Turpie AG G, Genton E. Plasma betathromboglobulin measurement to differentiate types of thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemostas 1979; 42: 256
  • 157 Ziemen M, Friedrich I, Breddin HK. Activated platelets and platelet function in traumatic septic and haemorrhagic pre-shock conditions. Thromb Haemostas 1979; 42: 410