Download PDF
Journal of Pediatric Neurology 2019; 17(03): 095-104
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1641582
Review Article
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Neonatal Microbiome and the Gut–Brain Axis: Is It the Origin of Adult Diseases?

Yssra S. Soliman
1   Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States
,
Islam T. Elkhateb
2   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cairo University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
,
Hany Z. Aly
3   Department of Neonatology, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
› Author Affiliations Funding None.
Further Information

Publication History

13 December 2017

02 March 2018

Publication Date:
13 April 2018 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

The gut–brain axis may contribute to the pathophysiology of a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases and chronic illnesses of adulthood. A literature search was completed using PubMed and the following keywords: “gut microbiota,” “breast milk,” “schizophrenia,” “irritable bowel syndrome,” “obesity,” “anorexia and bulimia nervosa,” and “depression.” The search was limited to articles available in English and published in the past 20 years. The human microbiota is essential to normal structure and function. The relationship of microbiota and the central nervous system is called the gut–brain axis, which may be responsible for many pathologic conditions. Research is needed to confirm this association and unveil the pathogenesis of this phenomenon.

Keywords

gut–brain axis - microbiota - neonate - schizophrenia - autism

Disclosure

No approval from the Institutional Review Board is required.


 

  • References

  • 1 Lederberg J, McCray AT. Ome SweetOmics–A genealogical treasury of words. Scientist 2001; 15 (07) 8
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Peterson J, Garges S, Giovanni M. , et al; NIH HMP Working Group. The NIH human microbiome project. Genome Res 2009; 19 (12) 2317-2323
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci 2012; 13 (10) 701-712
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Banks WA. The blood-brain barrier: connecting the gut and the brain. Regul Pept 2008; 149 (1–3): 11-14
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Ivy AC. Ivan petrovich pavlov 1849–1936. Am J Dig Dis 1936; 3 (02) 130-131
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Konturek SJ, Pepera J, Zabielski K. , et al. Brain-gut axis in pancreatic secretion and appetite control. J Physiol Pharmacol 2003; 54 (03) 293-317
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Smith GP, Gibbs J. Brain-gut peptides and the control of food intake. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 1981; 28: 389-395
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Smith GP, Gibbs J, Jerome C, Pi-Sunyer FX, Kissileff HR, Thornton J. The satiety effect of cholecystokinin: a progress report. Peptides 1981; 2 (Suppl. 02) 57-59
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Guarino A, Wudy A, Basile F, Ruberto E, Buccigrossi V. Composition and roles of intestinal microbiota in children. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25 (01) (Suppl. 01) 63-66
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Wall R, Ross RP, Ryan CA. , et al. Role of gut microbiota in early infant development. Clin Med Pediatr 2009; 3: 45-54
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Mastromarino P, Capobianco D, Campagna G. , et al. Correlation between lactoferrin and beneficial microbiota in breast milk and infant's feces. Biometals 2014; 27 (05) 1077-1086
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C. , et al. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science 2011; 334 (6052): 105-108
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 De Filippo C, Cavalieri D, Di Paola M. , et al. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107 (33) 14691-14696
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Rook GA, Lowry CA, Raison CL. Hygiene and other early childhood influences on the subsequent function of the immune system. Brain Res 2015; 1617: 47-62
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Rook GA, Lowry CA, Raison CL. Microbial ‘Old Friends’, immunoregulation and stress resilience. Evol Med Public Health 2013; 2013 (01) 46-64
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Smith SE, Li J, Garbett K, Mirnics K, Patterson PH. Maternal immune activation alters fetal brain development through interleukin-6. J Neurosci 2007; 27 (40) 10695-10702
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Veling W, Hoek HW, Selten JP, Susser E. Age at migration and future risk of psychotic disorders among immigrants in the Netherlands: a 7-year incidence study. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168 (12) 1278-1285
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Keen DV, Reid FD, Arnone D. Autism, ethnicity and maternal immigration. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 196 (04) 274-281
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Peng H, Hagopian W. Environmental factors in the development of type 1 diabetes. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2006; 7 (03) 149-162
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 McDade TW, Hoke M, Borja JB, Adair LS, Kuzawa C. Do environments in infancy moderate the association between stress and inflammation in adulthood? Initial evidence from a birth cohort in the Philippines. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 31: 23-30
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 McDade TW, Rutherford J, Adair L, Kuzawa CW. Early origins of inflammation: microbial exposures in infancy predict lower levels of C-reactive protein in adulthood. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 277 (1684): 1129-1137
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Severance EG, Yolken RH, Eaton WW. Autoimmune diseases, gastrointestinal disorders and the microbiome in schizophrenia: more than a gut feeling. Schizophr Res 2016; 176 (01) 23-35
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 van De Sande MM, van Buul VJ, Brouns FJ. Autism and nutrition: the role of the gut-brain axis. Nutr Res Rev 2014; 27 (02) 199-214
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Bashir S, Al-Ayadhi LY. Effect of camel milk on thymus and activation-regulated chemokine in autistic children: double-blind study. Pediatr Res 2014; 75 (04) 559-563
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Krajmalnik-Brown R, Lozupone C, Kang DW, Adams JB. Gut bacteria in children with autism spectrum disorders: challenges and promise of studying how a complex community influences a complex disease. Microb Ecol Health Dis 2015; 26 (01) 26914
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Bull G, Shattock P, Whiteley P. , et al. Indolyl-3-acryloylglycine (IAG) is a putative diagnostic urinary marker for autism spectrum disorders. Med Sci Monit 2003; 9 (10) CR422-CR425
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Horvath K, Papadimitriou JC, Rabsztyn A, Drachenberg C, Tildon JT. Gastrointestinal abnormalities in children with autistic disorder. J Pediatr 1999; 135 (05) 559-563
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Aggarwal A, Bhatt M. Commonly used gastrointestinal drugs. Handb Clin Neurol 2014; 120: 633-643
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 McKernan DP, Fitzgerald P, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. The probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 displays visceral antinociceptive effects in the rat. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22 (09) 1029-1035 , e268
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Surawski RJ, Quinn DK. Metoclopramide and homicidal ideation: a case report and literature review. Psychosomatics 2011; 52 (05) 403-409
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Rao S, Srinivasjois R, Patole S. Prebiotic supplementation in full-term neonates: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2009; 163 (08) 755-764
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Kraneveld AD, de Theije CG, van Heesch F. , et al. The neuro-immune axis: prospect for novel treatments for mental disorders. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 114 (01) 128-136
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Dupont HL. Review article: evidence for the role of gut microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome and its potential influence on therapeutic targets. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39 (10) 1033-1042
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Bailey MT, Coe CL. Maternal separation disrupts the integrity of the intestinal microflora in infant rhesus monkeys. Dev Psychobiol 1999; 35 (02) 146-155
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Bailey MT, Dowd SE, Galley JD, Hufnagle AR, Allen RG, Lyte M. Exposure to a social stressor alters the structure of the intestinal microbiota: implications for stressor-induced immunomodulation. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25 (03) 397-407
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Maes M, Kubera M, Leunis JC, Berk M. Increased IgA and IgM responses against gut commensals in chronic depression: further evidence for increased bacterial translocation or leaky gut. J Affect Disord 2012; 141 (01) 55-62
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Ruepert L, Quartero AO, de Wit NJ, van der Heijden GJ, Rubin G, Muris JW. Bulking agents, antispasmodics and antidepressants for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; (08) CD003460
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Mayer EA, Tillisch K, Bradesi S. Review article: modulation of the brain-gut axis as a therapeutic approach in gastrointestinal disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24 (06) 919-933
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Bercik P, Denou E, Collins J. , et al. The intestinal microbiota affect central levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor and behavior in mice. Gastroenterology 2011; 141 (02) 599-609 , 609.e1–609.e3
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Choung RS, Talley NJ. Epidemiology and clinical presentation of stress-related peptic damage and chronic peptic ulcer. Curr Mol Med 2008; 8 (04) 253-257
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Levenstein S, Ackerman S, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Dubois A. Stress and peptic ulcer disease. JAMA 1999; 281 (01) 10-11
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar