Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2017; 21(02): 075-088
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1599203
Review Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Ligamentous Reconstruction of the Knee: What Orthopaedic Surgeons Want Radiologists to Know

Andrew G. Geeslin
1   Borgess Orthopedics, Kalamazoo, Michigan
,
Matthew G. Geeslin
2   Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
,
Robert F. LaPrade
1   Borgess Orthopedics, Kalamazoo, Michigan
3   The Steadman Clinic, Vail, Colorado
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
29 March 2017 (online)

Abstract

Knee ligament injuries are common, and treatment methods are continually evolving. Accurate clinical diagnosis with imaging confirmation is critical to support appropriate treatment. Several imaging pearls allow for improved recognition of injuries. Stress radiographs may be obtained to quantify knee laxity. Magnetic resonance imaging allows assessment of the complex anatomy of the knee and has excellent sensitivity and specificity for many injuries.

 
  • References

  • 1 Geeslin AG, LaPrade RF. Location of bone bruises and other osseous injuries associated with acute grade III isolated and combined posterolateral knee injuries. Am J Sports Med 2010; 38 (12) 2502-2508
  • 2 Shindell R, Walsh WM, Connolly JF. Avulsion fracture of the fibula: the ‘arcuate sign’ of posterolateral knee instability. Nebr Med J 1984; 69 (11) 369-371
  • 3 Segond P. Recherches cliniques et expérimentales sur les épanchements sanguins du genou par entorse. Progr Med (Paris) 1879; VII: 1-84
  • 4 Kennedy MI, Claes S, Fuso FA , et al. The anterolateral ligament: an anatomic, radiographic, and biomechanical analysis. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43 (7) 1606-1615
  • 5 Rosenberg TD, Paulos LE, Parker RD, Coward DB, Scott SM. The forty-five-degree posteroanterior flexion weight-bearing radiograph of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1988; 70 (10) 1479-1483
  • 6 Schulz MS, Russe K, Weiler A, Eichhorn HJ, Strobel MJ. Epidemiology of posterior cruciate ligament injuries. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2003; 123 (4) 186-191
  • 7 Jackman T, LaPrade RF, Pontinen T, Lender PA. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability of the kneeling technique of stress radiography for the evaluation of posterior knee laxity. Am J Sports Med 2008; 36 (8) 1571-1576
  • 8 LaPrade RF, Heikes C, Bakker AJ, Jakobsen RB. The reproducibility and repeatability of varus stress radiographs in the assessment of isolated fibular collateral ligament and grade-III posterolateral knee injuries. An in vitro biomechanical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008; 90 (10) 2069-2076
  • 9 Laprade RF, Bernhardson AS, Griffith CJ, Macalena JA, Wijdicks CA. Correlation of valgus stress radiographs with medial knee ligament injuries: an in vitro biomechanical study. Am J Sports Med 2010; 38 (2) 330-338
  • 10 Ziegler CG, Pietrini SD, Westerhaus BD , et al. Arthroscopically pertinent landmarks for tunnel positioning in single-bundle and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Am J Sports Med 2011; 39 (4) 743-752
  • 11 Anderson CJ, Ziegler CG, Wijdicks CA, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Arthroscopically pertinent anatomy of the anterolateral and posteromedial bundles of the posterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2012; 94 (21) 1936-1945
  • 12 LaPrade RF, Engebretsen AH, Ly TV, Johansen S, Wentorf FA, Engebretsen L. The anatomy of the medial part of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007; 89 (9) 2000-2010
  • 13 LaPrade RF, Ly TV, Wentorf FA, Engebretsen L. The posterolateral attachments of the knee: a qualitative and quantitative morphologic analysis of the fibular collateral ligament, popliteus tendon, popliteofibular ligament, and lateral gastrocnemius tendon. Am J Sports Med 2003; 31 (6) 854-860
  • 14 Mink JH, Deutsch AL. Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1989; (244) 29-47
  • 15 Graf BK, Cook DA, De Smet AA, Keene JS. “Bone bruises” on magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Am J Sports Med 1993; 21 (2) 220-223
  • 16 Bellabarba C, Bush-Joseph CA, Bach Jr BR. Patterns of meniscal injury in the anterior cruciate-deficient knee: a review of the literature. Am J Orthop 1997; 26 (1) 18-23
  • 17 Fanelli GC, Edson CJ. Posterior cruciate ligament injuries in trauma patients: Part II. Arthroscopy 1995; 11 (5) 526-529
  • 18 Shelbourne KD, Jennings RW, Vahey TN. Magnetic resonance imaging of posterior cruciate ligament injuries: assessment of healing. Am J Knee Surg 1999; 12 (4) 209-213
  • 19 Laprade RF, Griffith CJ, Coobs BR, Geeslin AG, Johansen S, Engebretsen L. Improving outcomes for posterolateral knee injuries. J Orthop Res 2014; 32 (4) 485-491
  • 20 Geeslin AG, LaPrade RF. Outcomes of treatment of acute grade-III isolated and combined posterolateral knee injuries: a prospective case series and surgical technique. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2011; 93 (18) 1672-1683
  • 21 LaPrade RF, Gilbert TJ, Bollom TS, Wentorf F, Chaljub G. The magnetic resonance imaging appearance of individual structures of the posterolateral knee. A prospective study of normal knees and knees with surgically verified grade III injuries. Am J Sports Med 2000; 28 (2) 191-199
  • 22 Porrino Jr J, Maloney E, Richardson M, Mulcahy H, Ha A, Chew FS. The anterolateral ligament of the knee: MRI appearance, association with the Segond fracture, and historical perspective. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015; 204 (2) 367-373
  • 23 Helito CP, Helito PV, Costa HP, Demange MK, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Assessment of the anterolateral ligament of the knee by magnetic resonance imaging in acute injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament. Arthroscopy 2017; 33 (1) 140-146
  • 24 Claes S, Vereecke E, Maes M, Victor J, Verdonk P, Bellemans J. Anatomy of the anterolateral ligament of the knee. J Anat 2013; 223 (4) 321-328
  • 25 Chahla J, Menge TJ, Mitchell JJ, Dean CS, LaPrade RF. Anterolateral ligament reconstruction technique: an anatomic-based approach. Arthrosc Tech 2016; 5 (3) e453-e457
  • 26 Schon JM, Moatshe G, Brady AW , et al. Anatomic anterolateral ligament reconstruction of the knee leads to overconstraint at any fixation angle. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44 (10) 2546-2556
  • 27 Van de Velde SK, Kernkamp WA, Hosseini A, LaPrade RF, van Arkel ER, Li G. In vivo length changes of the anterolateral ligament and related extra-articular reconstructions. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44 (10) 2557-2562
  • 28 Bernard M, Hertel P, Hornung H, Cierpinski T. Femoral insertion of the ACL. Radiographic quadrant method. Am J Knee Surg 1997; 10 (1) 14-21 ; discussion 21–22
  • 29 LaPrade RF, Johansen S, Agel J, Risberg MA, Moksnes H, Engebretsen L. Outcomes of an anatomic posterolateral knee reconstruction. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010; 92 (1) 16-22
  • 30 Moulton SG, Matheny LM, James EW, LaPrade RF. Outcomes following anatomic fibular (lateral) collateral ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2015; 23 (10) 2960-2966
  • 31 Dean CS, Liechti DJ, Chahla J, Moatshe G, LaPrade RF. Clinical outcomes of high tibial osteotomy for knee instability: a systematic review. Orthop J Sports Med 2016; 4 (3) 2325967116633419
  • 32 LaPrade RF, Johansen S, Wentorf FA, Engebretsen L, Esterberg JL, Tso A. An analysis of an anatomical posterolateral knee reconstruction: an in vitro biomechanical study and development of a surgical technique. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32 (6) 1405-1414
  • 33 LaPrade RF, Spiridonov SI, Coobs BR, Ruckert PR, Griffith CJ. Fibular collateral ligament anatomical reconstructions: a prospective outcomes study. Am J Sports Med 2010; 38 (10) 2005-2011
  • 34 Wijdicks CA, Griffith CJ, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Injuries to the medial collateral ligament and associated medial structures of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010; 92 (5) 1266-1280
  • 35 Laprade RF, Wijdicks CA. Surgical technique: development of an anatomic medial knee reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2012; 470 (3) 806-814
  • 36 Slette EL, Mikula JD, Schon JM , et al. Biomechanical results of lateral extra-articular tenodesis procedures of the knee: a systematic review. Arthroscopy 2016; 32 (12) 2592-2611
  • 37 Nitri M, Rasmussen MT, Williams BT , et al. An in vitro robotic assessment of the anterolateral ligament, Part 2: Anterolateral ligament reconstruction combined with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44 (3) 593-601
  • 38 Sonnery-Cottet B, Barbosa NC, Tuteja S, Daggett M, Kajetanek C, Thaunat M. Minimally invasive anterolateral ligament reconstruction in the setting of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Arthrosc Tech 2016; 5 (1) e211-e215
  • 39 Levy BA, Dajani KA, Morgan JA, Shah JP, Dahm DL, Stuart MJ. Repair versus reconstruction of the fibular collateral ligament and posterolateral corner in the multiligament-injured knee. Am J Sports Med 2010; 38 (4) 804-809
  • 40 Stannard JP, Brown SL, Farris RC, McGwin Jr G, Volgas DA. The posterolateral corner of the knee: repair versus reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33 (6) 881-888
  • 41 Morgan JA, Dahm D, Levy B, Stuart MJ ; MARS Study Group. Femoral tunnel malposition in ACL revision reconstruction. J Knee Surg 2012; 25 (5) 361-368
  • 42 Saupe N, White LM, Chiavaras MM , et al. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction grafts: MR imaging features at long-term follow-up--correlation with functional and clinical evaluation. Radiology 2008; 249 (2) 581-590