Klin Padiatr 2016; 228(01): 29-34
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1565131
Originalarbeit
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Stellenwert der Thoraxchirurgie im Gesamtkonzept der Behandlung von Pleuraempyemen bei Kindern

Significance of Thoracic Surgery for Treatment of Pleural Empyema in Childhood and Adolescence
V. Haas
1   HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Krefeld
,
R. Bayerstorfer
1   HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Krefeld
,
O. Kuhtin
1   HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Krefeld
,
T. Bulgan
1   HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Krefeld
,
M. Hohls
1   HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Krefeld
,
N. Zap
2   Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Ekaterinburg, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
,
I. Vinogradova
2   Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Ekaterinburg, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
,
E. Nekrasova
2   Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Ekaterinburg, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
,
S. Shai
3   HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Centre for Paediatric Medicine and Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, Krefeld
,
I. Heesen
3   HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Centre for Paediatric Medicine and Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, Krefeld
,
P. Heister
3   HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Centre for Paediatric Medicine and Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, Krefeld
,
C. Andrée
3   HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Centre for Paediatric Medicine and Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, Krefeld
,
T. Niehues
3   HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Centre for Paediatric Medicine and Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, Krefeld
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
14 January 2016 (online)

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund: Die chirurgische Intervention zur Behandlung eines Pleuraempyems bei Kindern wird kontrovers diskutiert.

Material und Methoden: Retrospektive Analyse in Bezug auf Strategie, Indikation und Ergebnisse der Behandlung aller im Zeitraum vom 01.01.2008 bis 31.12.2012 in 2 Zentren behandelter Kinder mit pleuralen Komplikationen einer primären Pneumonie im Vergleich mit der Literatur der letzten 10 Jahre.

Ergebnisse: In 5 Jahren wurden 1 451 Kinder wegen einer Pneumonie, davon 187 Kinder mit relevantem Pleuraerguss, behandelt. Durchschnittsalter 6,1 Jahre, Geschlechtsverteilung 86/101 (w/m).

Therapie: Pleurapunktionen bei 22, Drainagebehandlung bei 78 und Operation bei 37 Patienten. Bei 9 Kindern gelang ein Erregernachweis. Eine Operation erfolgte im Stad. II bei 34 und im Stad. III bei 3 Kindern. Behandlungsdauer von Krankheitsbeginn bis zur Operation: 14,5 Tage, ab OP bis zur Entlassung: 12,5 Tage. Bis auf ein Kind wurden alle Kinder thorakoskopisch operiert, keine Reoperationen. Komplikationen: Je 1 Kind mit prolongierter bronchokutaner Fistel und Wundheilungsstörung. Alle Kinder überlebten mit restitutio ad integrum (mittlere Nachbeobachtung über 28 Monate).

Schlussfolgerung: In den Stadien II und III des Pleuraempyems führt die rechtzeitige Operation zu guten Ergebnissen. Nach Auswertung der randomisierten prospektiven Studien erlaubt die Datenlage anzunehmen, dass im frühen Stadium II des Pleuraempyems die fibrinolytische Therapie, insbesondere bei fehlender thoraxchirurgischer Expertise, einen validen Therapieansatz darstellt. Je weiter das Empyem fortgeschritten ist, desto eher sollte eine thoraxchirurgische Expertise eingeholt werden. In erfahrenen Händen ist ein operativer Eingriff eine zielführende Behandlungsmethode.

Abstract

Background: There still is controversy about surgical treatment of pleural empyema in children.

Patients and methods: Retrospective analysis of treatment strategy, focussing on indication for surgery and outcome of children treated in 2 centres for pleural complications due to primary pneumonia from January 1st 2008 to December 31st 2012. Results were compared to studies published within the last 10 years.

Results: 1 451 children with pneumonia were treated during the 5 year period. 187 (average age 6.1 years, sex: 86/101 f/m) developed a pleural effusion.

Therapy: pleural punction in 22 children, chest tube in 78 and operation in 37 children. In 9 cases microorganisms were identified. 34 children were operated for empyema stage II, only 3 for stage III. 3 children were operated due to septicaemia not responding to antibiotics. Time from admission to operation (including referring hospital):14.5 days. Time from operation to discharge: 12,5 days. All children but one were operated by thoracoscopy.

Complications: 1 bronchopleural fistula, 1 delayed healing of the wound. All children survived and fully recovered mean (observation period 28 months postoperatively).

Summary: In experienced hands thoracic surgery yields excellent results for children suffering from pleural empyema stage II and III. Recent randomised prospective trials comparing fibrinolysis with VATS do not convince regarding the treatment protocols of their surgical arms. Fibrinolysis is nevertheless a valuable treatment in early stage II empyema, especially if thoracic surgical experience is not available. However, the further advanced the empyema presents, the sooner surgical experience should be gathered

 
  • Literatur

  • 1 Becker A, Amantea SL, Fraga JC et al. Impact of antibiotic therapy on laboratory analysis of parapneumonic pleural fluid in children. J Pediatr Surg 2011; 46: 452-457
  • 2 Chibuk T, Cohen E, Robinson J et al. Paediatric complicated pneumonia: Diagnosis and management of empyema. Paediatr Child Health 2011; 16: 425-429
  • 3 Gates RL, Caniano DA, Hayes JR et al. Does VATS provide optimal treatment of empyema in children? A systematic review. J Pediatr Surg 2004; 39: 381-386
  • 4 Gates RL, Hogan M, Weinstein S et al. Drainage, fibrinolytics, or surgery: a comparison of treatment options in pediatric empyema. J Pediatr Surg 2004; 39: 1638-1642
  • 5 Grisaru-Soen G, Eisenstadt M, Paret G et al. Pediatric parapneumonic empyema: risk factors, clinical characteristics, microbiology, and management. Pediatr Emerg Care 2013; 29: 425-429
  • 6 Hilliard TN, Henderson AJ, Langton Hewer SC. Management of parapneumonic effusion and empyema. Arch Dis Child 2003; 88: 915-917
  • 7 Islam S, Calkins CM, Goldin AB et al. The diagnosis and management of empyema in children: a comprehensive review from the APSA Outcomes and Clinical Trials Committee. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 2012; 47: 2101-2110
  • 8 Kalfa N, Allal H, Lopez M et al. Thoracoscopy in pediatric pleural empyema: a prospective study of prognostic factors. J Pediatr Surg 2006; 41: 1732-1737
  • 9 Kalfa N, Allal H, Montes-Tapia F et al. Ideal timing of thoracoscopic decortication and drainage for empyema in children. Surg Endosc 2004; 18: 472-477
  • 10 Krenke K, Peradzynska J, Lange J et al. Local treatment of empyema in children: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Acta Paediatr 2010; 99: 1449-1453
  • 11 Mahant S, Cohen E, Weinstein M et al. Video-assisted thorascopic surgery vs. chest drain with fibrinolytics for the treatment of pleural empyema in children: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2010; 164: 201-203
  • 12 Marhuenda C, Barcelo C, Fuentes I et al. Urokinase versus VATS for treatment of empyema: a randomized multicenter clinical trial. Pediatrics 2014; 134: e1301-e1307
  • 13 Meier AH, Hess CB, Cilley RE. Complications and treatment failures of video-assisted thoracoscopic debridement for pediatric empyema. Pediatr Surg Int 2010; 26: 367-371
  • 14 Ozcelik C, Ulku R, Onat S et al. Management of postpneumonic empyemas in children. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2004; 25: 1072-1078
  • 15 Proesmans M, De Boeck K. Clinical practice: treatment of childhood empyema. Eur J Pediatr 2009; 168: 639-645
  • 16 Sonnappa S, Cohen G, Owens CM et al. Comparison of urokinase and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for treatment of childhood empyema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174: 221-227
  • 17 St Peter SD, Tsao K, Spilde TL et al. Thoracoscopic decortication vs. tube thoracostomy with fibrinolysis for empyema in children: a prospective, randomized trial. J Pediatr Surg 2009; 44: 106-111 discussion 111
  • 18 Yu D, Buchvald F, Brandt B et al. Seventeen-year study shows rise in parapneumonic effusion and empyema with higher treatment failure after chest tube drainage. Acta Paediatr 2014; 103: 93-99