Diagnostische Endosonografie 2013 – Bewährtes, Probleme und Neues

Zusammenfassung

Die ersten Versuche, flexible Endoskopie und Ultraschall in einer Methode zusammenzuführen, wurden 1978 unternommen. 35 Jahre später hat sich der endoskopische Ultraschall (EUS) zu einer faszinierenden interdisziplinären diagnostischen und interventionellen Methode auf hohem technologischem Niveau entwickelt. Die Anzahl endosonografischer Publikationen nimmt deutlich zu, in einem Jahreszeitraum wurden mehr als 700 wissenschaftliche Arbeiten zum EUS veröffentlicht. Darüber hinaus hat die wissenschaftliche und methodische Qualität der endosonografischen Literatur im letzten Jahrzehnt substanziell zugenommen. Der EUS ist heute als ein entscheidender Bestandteil der modernen klinischen Praxis akzeptiert. Gegründet auf überzeugende wissenschaftliche Evidenz hat die Methode ihren Platz in den Leitlinien medizinischer Fachgesellschaften gefunden. Jüngere Fortschritte der EUS-Technologie wie der kontrastverstärkte EUS (CE-EUS) und die Real-Time-Elastografie (RTE) haben das Potenzial, die diagnostische Genauigkeit des EUS für die Differenzialdiagnose von gastrointestinalen und Pankreasläsionen und für das Staging gastrointestinaler und pulmonaler Malignome weiter zu verbessern. Auf der Grundlage einer systematischen Analyse der aktuellen EUS-Literatur werden die wichtigsten Fragestellungen und Entwicklungen des diagnostischen EUS und der EUS-gestützten Feinnadelaspiration (EUS-FNA) diskutiert.

Abstract

First attempts to combine flexible endoscopy and ultrasound within one method have been initiated in 1978. 35 years later endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has developed into a fascinating interdisciplinary diagnostic and interventional tool. A progressively increasing number of scientific papers in the field of EUS has been published – more than 700 in one year. Moreover, the scientific and methodical quality of EUS related publications has improved substantially in the last decade. EUS is accepted as an implement of modern clinical practice. Based on convincing scientific levels of evidence the method has been included in guidelines of several medical societies. Recent advances in EUS technology, such as contrast enhanced endoscopic ultrasound (CE-EUS) and real-time elastography (RTE) show potential to even improve further the accuracy of EUS for the differential diagnosis of pancreatic and gastrointestinal lesions and for the staging of gastrointestinal and pulmonary malignancies. Based on a systematic analysis of recent publications the most important issues and developments in diagnostic EUS and EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) are discussed.

Schlüsselwörter

endoskopischer Ultraschall - EUS-FNA - Elastografie - kontrastverstärkter EUS

Key words

endoscopic ultrasound - EUS-FNA - Elastography - contrast-enhanced EUS

• Literatur

• 1 Strohm WD, Phillip J, Hagenmuller F et al. Ultrasonic tomography by means of an ultrasonic fiberendoscope. Endoscopy 1980; 12: 241-244
• 2 Hisanaga K, Hisanaga A, Nagata K et al. High speed rotating scanner for transgastric sonography. Am J Roentgenol 1980; 135: 627-629
• 3 Banhof JA, Frank K, Linhart P. Transesophageal mediastinal sonography. Ann Radiol 1985; 28: 19-20
• 4 Fusaroli P, Vallar R, Togliani T et al. Scientific publications in endoscopic ultrasonography: a 20-year global survey of the literature. Endoscopy 2002; 34: 451-456
• 5 DiMagno EP, Buxton JL, Regan PT et al. Ultrasonic endoscope. Lancet 1980; 1: 629-631
• 6 Dimagno EP, Regan PT, Clain JE et al. Human endoscopic ultrasonography. Gastroenterology 1982; 83: 824-829
• 7 Heyder N, Lutz H, Lux G. Ultrasound diagnosis via the gastroscope. Ultraschall in Med 1983; 4: 85-91
• 8 Lutz H, Lux G, Heyder N. Transgastric ultrasonography of the pancreas. Ultrasound Med Biol 1983; 9: 503-507
• 9 Asaki S, Ota K, Kanazawa N et al. Ultrasonic endoscopy. Tohoku J Exp Med 1983; 141: 9-12
• 10 Kaiser C, Jenssen C. Kurzer Abriß zur Geschichte der Endosonographie. In: Jenssen C, Gottschalk U, Schachschal G, et al. (Hg.) Kursbuch Endosonographie, in Vorbereitung.. Stuttgart, New York: Thieme; 2013
• 11 Vilmann P, Khattar S, Hancke S. Endoscopic ultrasound examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract using a curved-array transducer. A preliminary report. Surg Endosc 1991; 5: 79-82
• 12 Vilmann P, Jacobsen GK, Henriksen FW et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography with guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in pancreatic disease. Gastrointest Endosc 1992; 38: 172-173
• 13 Wiersema MJ, Sandusky D, Carr R et al. Endosonography-guided cholangiopancreatography. Gastrointest Endosc 1996; 43: 102-106
• 14 Wiersema MJ. Endosonography-guided cystoduodenostomy with a therapeutic ultrasound endoscope. Gastrointest Endosc 1996; 44: 614-617
• 15 Wiersema MJ, Wiersema LM. Endosonography-guided celiac plexus neurolysis. Gastrointest Endosc 1996; 44: 656-662
• 16 Krasnik M, Vilmann P, Larsen SS et al. Preliminary experience with a new method of endoscopic transbronchial real time ultrasound guided biopsy for diagnosis of mediastinal and hilar lesions. Thorax 2003; 58: 1083-1086
• 17 Jenssen C. Diagnostic endosonography – state of the art 2009. Endo heute 2009; 22: 89-104
• 18 Noh KW, Woodward TA, Raimondo M et al. Changing trends in endosonography: linear imaging and tissue are increasingly the issue. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52: 1014-1018
• 19 Anderson MA, Scheiman JM. Initial experience with an electronic radial array echoendoscope: randomized comparison with a mechanical sector scanning echoendoscope in humans. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 56: 573-577
• 20 Niwa K, Hirooka Y, Niwa Y et al. Comparison of image quality between electronic and mechanical radial scanning echoendoscopes in pancreatic diseases. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 19: 454-459
• 21 Papanikolaou IS, Delicha EM, Adler A et al. Prospective, randomized comparison of mechanical and electronic radial endoscopic ultrasound systems: assessment of performance parameters and image quality. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009; 44: 93-99
• 22 Fusaroli P, Kypreos D, Alma Petrini CA et al. Scientific publications in endoscopic ultrasonography: changing trends in the third millennium. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 45: 400-404
• 23 Fusaroli P, Kypraios D, Eloubeidi MA et al. Levels of Evidence in Endoscopic Ultrasonography: A Systematic Review. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57: 602-609
• 24 Adler G, Seufferlein T, Bischoff SC et al. S3-Guidelines “Exocrine pancreatic cancer” 2007. Z Gastroenterol 2007; 45: 487-523
• 25 Moehler M, Al-Batran SE, Andus T et al. German S3-guideline “Diagnosis and treatment of esophagogastric cancer”. Z Gastroenterol 2011; 49: 461-531
• 26 Hoffmeister A, Mayerle J, Beglinger C et al. S3-Consensus guidelines on definition, etiology, diagnosis and medical, endoscopic and surgical management of chronic pancreatitis German Society of Digestive and Metabolic Diseases (DGVS). J Z Gastroenterol 2012; 50: 1176-1224
• 27 Goeckenjan G, Sitter H, Thomas M et al. Prevention, diagnosis, therapy, and follow-up of lung cancer: interdisciplinary guideline of the German Respiratory Society and the German Cancer Society. Pneumologie 2011; 65: 39-59
• 28 Schmiegel W, Reinacher-Schick A, Arnold D et al. Update S3-guideline “colorectal cancer” 2008. Z Gastroenterol 2008; 46: 799-840
• 29 Polkowski M, Larghi A, Weynand B et al. Learning, techniques, and complications of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided sampling in gastroenterology: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Technical Guideline. Endoscopy 2012; 44: 190-206
• 30 Dumonceau JM, Polkowski M, Larghi A et al. Indications, results, and clinical impact of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided sampling in gastroenterology: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline. Endoscopy 2011; 43: 897-912
• 31 Becker D, Strobel D, Bernatik T et al. Echo-enhanced color- and power-Doppler EUS for the discrimination between focal pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 53: 784-789
• 32 Dietrich CF, Ignee A, Frey H. Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound with low mechanical index: a new technique. Z Gastroenterol 2005; 43: 1219-1223
• 33 Kitano M, Sakamoto H, Matsui U et al. A novel perfusion imaging technique of the pancreas: contrast-enhanced harmonic EUS (with video). Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 67: 141-150
• 34 Hocke M, Ignee A, Dietrich CF. Advanced endosonographic diagnostic tools for discrimination of focal chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma – elastography, contrast enhanced high mechanical index (CEHMI) and low mechanical index (CELMI) endosonography in direct comparison. Z Gastroenterol 2012; 50: 199-203
• 35 Hocke M, Menges M, Topalidis T et al. Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound in discrimination between benign and malignant mediastinal and abdominal lymph nodes. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 134: 473-480
• 36 Kanamori A, Hirooka Y, Itoh A et al. Usefulness of contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasonography in the differentiation between malignant and benign lymphadenopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 45-51
• 37 Kannengiesser K, Mahlke R, Petersen F et al. Contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasound is able to discriminate benign submucosal lesions from gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47: 1515-1520
• 38 Sakamoto H, Kitano M, Matsui S et al. Estimation of malignant potential of GI stromal tumors by contrast-enhanced harmonic EUS (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73: 227-237
• 39 Xia Y, Kitano M, Kudo M et al. Characterization of intra-abdominal lesions of undetermined origin by contrast-enhanced harmonic EUS (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 72: 637-642
• 40 Romagnuolo J, Hoffman B, Vela S et al. Accuracy of contrast-enhanced harmonic EUS with a second-generation perflutren lipid microsphere contrast agent (with video). Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73: 52-63
• 41 Gong TT, Hu DM, Zhu Q. Contrast-enhanced EUS for differential diagnosis of pancreatic mass lesions: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 76: 301-309
• 42 Ohno E, Hirooka Y, Itoh A et al. Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas: Differentiation of Malignant and Benign Tumors by Endoscopic Ultrasonography Findings of Mural Nodules. Ann Surg 2009; 249: 628-634
• 43 Xu W, Shi J, Zeng X et al. EUS elastography for the differentiation of benign and malignant lymph nodes: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 74: 1001-1009 ; quiz 1115 e1-e4
• 44 Mei M, Ni J, Liu D et al. EUS elastography for diagnosis of solid pancreatic masses: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2012.09.035. . Epub ahead of print
• 45 Dietrich CF, Saftoiu A, Jenssen C. Real time elastography endoscopic ultrasound (RTE-EUS). Eur J Radiol 2012; 81
• 46 Larsen MH, Fristrup CW, Mortensen MB. Intra- and interobserver agreement of endoscopic sonoelastography in the evaluation of lymph nodes. Ultraschall in Med 2011; 32 (Suppl. 02) E45-E50
• 47 Saftoiu A, Vilmann P, Gorunescu F et al. Efficacy of an artificial neural network-based approach to endoscopic ultrasound elastography in diagnosis of focal pancreatic masses. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10: 84-90, e1
• 48 Dawwas MF, Taha H, Leeds JS et al. Diagnostic accuracy of quantitative EUS elastography for discriminating malignant from benign solid pancreatic masses: a prospective, single-center study. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 76: 953-961
• 49 Irisawa A, Mishra G, Hernandez LV et al. Quantitative analysis of endosonographic parenchymal echogenicity in patients with chronic pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 19: 1199-1205
• 50 Das A, Nguyen CC, Li F et al. Digital image analysis of EUS images accurately differentiates pancreatic cancer from chronic pancreatitis and normal tissue. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 67: 861-867
• 51 Zhang MM, Yang H, Jin ZD et al. Differential diagnosis of pancreatic cancer from normal tissue with digital imaging processing and pattern recognition based on a support vector machine of EUS images. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 72: 978-985
• 52 Kumon RE, Pollack MJ, Faulx AL et al. In vivo characterization of pancreatic and lymph node tissue by using EUS spectrum analysis: a validation study. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71: 53-63
• 53 Grenacher L, Schwarz M, Lordick F et al. S3 Guideline – Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastric Carcinoma: Relevance for Radiologic Imaging. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2012; 184: 706-712
• 54 Jenssen C, Dietrich CF, Burmester E. Malignant neoplasias of the gastrointestinal tract--endosonographic staging revisited. Z Gastroenterol 2011; 49: 357-368
• 55 Jurgensen C, Dietrich CF. Role of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in the staging of rectal cancer. Z Gastroenterol 2008; 46: 580-589
• 56 Sobin LH, Gospodarowicz MK, Wittekind C. UICC: TNM classification of malignant tumors. 7th ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009
• 57 Monig SP, Zirbes TK, Schroder W et al. Staging of gastric cancer: correlation of lymph node size and metastatic infiltration. Am J Roentgenol 1999; 173: 365-367
• 58 Schroder W, Baldus SE, Monig SP et al. Lymph node staging of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in patients with and without neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy: histomorphologic analysis. World J Surg 2002; 26: 584-587
• 59 Kotanagi H, Fukuoka T, Shibata Y et al. The size of regional lymph nodes does not correlate with the presence or absence of metastasis in lymph nodes in rectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 1993; 54: 252-254
• 60 Mocellin S, Marchet A, Nitti D. EUS for the staging of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73: 1122-1134
• 61 Puli SR, Reddy JB, Bechtold ML et al. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound to diagnose nodal invasion by rectal cancers: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16: 1255-1265
• 62 Puli SR, Bechtold ML, Reddy JB et al. How good is endoscopic ultrasound in differentiating various T stages of rectal cancer? Meta-analysis and systematic review. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16: 254-265
• 63 Kutup A, Link BC, Schurr PG et al. Quality control of endoscopic ultrasound in preoperative staging of esophageal cancer. Endoscopy 2007; 39: 715-719
• 64 Kutup A, Vashist YK, Groth S et al. Endoscopic ultrasound staging in gastric cancer: Does it help management decisions in the era of neoadjuvant treatment?. Endoscopy 2012; 44: 572-576
• 65 Meyer L, Meyer F, Schmidt U et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in preoperative staging of gastric cancer – demand and reality. Pol Przegl Chir 2012; 84: 152-157
• 66 Bentrem D, Gerdes H, Tang L et al. Clinical correlation of endoscopic ultrasonography with pathologic stage and outcome in patients undergoing curative resection for gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 14: 1853-1859
• 67 Marusch F, Ptok H, Sahm M et al. Endorectal ultrasound in rectal carcinoma – do the literature results really correspond to the realities of routine clinical care?. Endoscopy 2011; 43: 425-431
• 68 Pech O, Gunter E, Dusemund F et al. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound in preoperative staging of esophageal cancer: results from a referral center for early esophageal cancer. Endoscopy 2010; 42: 456-461
• 69 Zuccaro Jr G, Rice TW, Vargo JJ et al. Endoscopic ultrasound errors in esophageal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 601-606
• 70 Caletti G, Fusaroli P. The rediscovery of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in gastric cancer staging. Endoscopy 2012; 44: 553-555
• 71 Jurgensen C, Brand J, Nothnagel M et al. Prognostic relevance of gastric cancer staging by endoscopic ultrasound. Surg Endosc 2012; Epub ahead of print.
• 72 Jurgensen C, Teubner A, Habeck JO et al. Staging of rectal cancer by EUS: depth of infiltration in T3 cancers is important. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73: 325-328
• 73 Wittekind C, Compton CC, Brierley J et al. Union for International Cancer Control. TNM Supplement. A Commentary on Uniform Use. 4th ed. Oxford, Chichester, Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012
• 74 Davies L, Mason JD, Roberts SA et al. Prognostic significance of total disease length in esophageal cancer. Surg Endosc 2012; 26: 2810-2816
• 75 Phang PT, Gollub MJ, Loh BD et al. Accuracy of endorectal ultrasound for measurement of the closest predicted radial mesorectal margin for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2012; 55: 59-64
• 76 Larsen MH, Fristrup C, Hansen TP et al. Endoscopic ultrasound, endoscopic sonoelastography, and strain ratio evaluation of lymph nodes with histology as gold standard. Endoscopy 2012; 44: 759-766
• 77 Paterson S, Duthie F, Stanley AJ. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided elastography in the nodal staging of oesophageal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18: 889-895
• 78 Knabe M, Gunter E, Ell C et al. Can EUS elastography improve lymph node staging in esophageal cancer?. Surg Endosc 2012; Epub ahead of print.
• 79 Hassan H, Vilmann P, Sharma V. Impact of EUS-guided FNA on management of gastric carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71: 500-504
• 80 Gleeson FC, Clain JE, Rajan E et al. EUS-FNA assessment of extramesenteric lymph node status in primary rectal cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 74: 897-905
• 81 Jenssen C, Dietrich CF. Endoscopic ultrasound of gastrointestinal subepithelial lesions. Ultraschall in Med 2008; 29: 236-256 ; quiz 257-264
• 82 Jenssen C, Dietrich CF. Endosonographie bei subepithelialen Tumoren des Verdauungstraktes. In: Dietrich CF, (ed). Endosonographie. Lehrbuch und Atlas des endoskopischen Ultraschalls. Stuttgart, New York: Thieme; 2011: 187-225
• 83 Eckardt AJ, Adler A, Gomes EM et al. Endosonographic large-bore biopsy of gastric subepithelial tumors: a prospective multicenter study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 24: 1135-1144
• 84 Lee JH, Choi KD, Kim MY et al. Clinical impact of EUS-guided Trucut biopsy results on decision making for patients with gastric subepithelial tumors ≥2 cm in diameter. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 74: 1010-1018
• 85 Sepe PS, Moparty B, Pitman MB et al. EUS-guided FNA for the diagnosis of GI stromal cell tumors: sensitivity and cytologic yield. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 70: 254-261
• 86 Hoda KM, Rodriguez SA, Faigel DO. EUS-guided sampling of suspected GI stromal tumors. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 69: 1218-1223
• 87 Watson RR, Binmoeller KF, Hamerski CM et al. Yield and performance characteristics of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for diagnosing upper GI tract stromal tumors. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56: 1757-1762
• 88 Stelow EB, Murad FM, Debol SM et al. A limited immunocytochemical panel for the distinction of subepithelial gastrointestinal mesenchymal neoplasms sampled by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration. Am J Clin Pathol 2008; 129: 219-225
• 89 Ando N, Goto H, Niwa Y et al. The diagnosis of GI stromal tumors with EUS-guided fine needle aspiration with immunohistochemical analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 55: 37-43
• 90 Polkowski M, Gerke W, Jarosz D et al. Diagnostic yield and safety of endoscopic ultrasound-guided trucut biopsy in patients with gastric submucosal tumors: a prospective study. Endoscopy 2009; 41: 329-334
• 91 Kim GH, Park do Y, Kim S et al. Is it possible to differentiate gastric GISTs from gastric leiomyomas by EUS?. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 3376-3381
• 92 Dietrich CF, Jenssen C, Hocke M et al. Imaging of gastrointestinal stromal tumours with modern ultrasound techniques – a pictorial essay. Z Gastroenterol 2012; 50: 457-467
• 93 Fernandez-Esparrach G, Sendino O, Sole M et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration and trucut biopsy in the diagnosis of gastric stromal tumors: a randomized crossover study. Endoscopy 2010; 42: 292-299
• 94 Tse F, Liu L, Barkun AN et al. EUS: a meta-analysis of test performance in suspected choledocholithiasis. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 67: 235-44
• 95 Petrov MS, Savides TJ. Systematic review of endoscopic ultrasonography versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for suspected choledocholithiasis. Br J Surg 2009; 96: 967-974
• 96 De Lisi S, Leandro G, Buscarini E. Endoscopic ultrasonography versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in acute biliary pancreatitis: a systematic review. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 23: 367-374
• 97 Garrow D, Miller S, Sinha D et al. Endoscopic ultrasound: a meta-analysis of test performance in suspected biliary obstruction. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5: 616-623
• 98 McMahon CJ. The relative roles of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic ultrasound in diagnosis of malignant common bile duct strictures: a critically appraised topic. Abdom Imaging 2008; 33: 10-13
• 99 Park CH, Chung MJ, Oh TG et al. Differential diagnosis between gallbladder adenomas and cholesterol polyps on contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasonography. Surg Endosc 2012; Epub ahead of print.
• 100 Heinzow HS, Lenz P, Lallier S et al. Ampulla of Vater tumors: impact of intraductal ultrasound and transpapillary endoscopic biopsies on diagnostic accuracy and therapy. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2011; 74: 509-515
• 101 Meister T, Heinzow H, Heinecke A et al. Post-ERCP pancreatitis in 2364 ERCP procedures: is intraductal ultrasonography another risk factor?. Endoscopy 2011; 43: 331-336
• 102 Klapman JB, Chang KJ, Lee JG et al. Negative predictive value of endoscopic ultrasound in a large series of patients with a clinical suspicion of pancreatic cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 2658-2661
• 103 Puli SR, Singh S, Hagedorn CH et al. Diagnostic accuracy of EUS for vascular invasion in pancreatic and periampullary cancers: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 65: 788-797
• 104 Gagovic V, Spier BJ, DeLee RJ et al. Endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration characteristics of primary adenocarcinoma versus other malignant neoplasms of the pancreas. Can J Gastroenterol 2012; 26: 691-696
• 105 Kitano M, Kudo M, Yamao K et al. Characterization of small solid tumors in the pancreas: the value of contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasonography. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107: 303-310
• 106 Saftoiu A, Iordache SA, Gheonea DI et al. Combined contrast-enhanced power Doppler and real-time sonoelastography performed during EUS, used in the differential diagnosis of focal pancreatic masses (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 72: 739-747
• 107 Hewitt MJ, McPhail MJ, Possamai L et al. EUS-guided FNA for diagnosis of solid pancreatic neoplasms: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 75: 319-331
• 108 Nicaud M, Hou W, Collins D et al. The utility of repeat endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for suspected pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2010; 2010: 268-290
• 109 Eloubeidi MA, Varadarajulu S, Desai S et al. Value of repeat endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for suspected pancreatic cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23: 567-570
• 110 Gleeson FC, Kipp BR, Caudill JL et al. False positive endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration cytology: incidence and risk factors. Gut 2010; 59: 586-593
• 111 Siddiqui AA, Kowalski TE, Shahid H et al. False-positive EUS-guided FNA cytology for solid pancreatic lesions. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 74: 535-540
• 112 Eltoum IA, Alston EA, Roberson J. Trends in pancreatic pathology practice before and after implementation of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration: an example of disruptive innovation effect?. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2012; 136: 447-453
• 113 Puli SR, Bechtold ML, Buxbaum JL et al. How Good Is Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration in Diagnosing the Correct Etiology for a Solid Pancreatic Mass? A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Pancreas 2013; 42: 20-26
• 114 Itoi T, Tsuchiya T, Itokawa F et al. Histological diagnosis by EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy in pancreatic solid masses without on-site cytopathologist: a single-center experience. Dig Endosc 2011; 23 (Suppl. 01) 34-38
• 115 Weynand B, Borbath I, Galant C et al. Optimizing specimen collection and laboratory procedures reduces the non-diagnostic rate for endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of solid lesions of the pancreas. Cytopathology 2011; Epub ahead of print.
• 116 Canto MI, Harinck F, Hruban RH et al. International Cancer of the Pancreas Screening (CAPS) Consortium summit on the management of patients with increased risk for familial pancreatic cancer. Gut 2012; Epub ahead of print.
• 117 Canto MI, Hruban RH, Fishman EK et al. Frequent detection of pancreatic lesions in asymptomatic high-risk individuals. Gastroenterology 2012; 142: 796-804 ; quiz e14-e15
• 118 Jenssen C, Möller K. Schwierige endosonografische Differenzialdiagnosen am Pankreas – zystische Läsionen. Endo heute 2010; 23: 253-266
• 119 Thosani N, Thosani S, Qiao W et al. Role of EUS-FNA-based cytology in the diagnosis of mucinous pancreatic cystic lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 2756-2766
• 120 de Jong K, Verlaan T, Dijkgraaf MG et al. Interobserver agreement for endosonography in the diagnosis of pancreatic cysts. Endoscopy 2011; 43: 579-584
• 121 de Jong K, Nio CY, Mearadji B et al. Disappointing interobserver agreement among radiologists for a classifying diagnosis of pancreatic cysts using magnetic resonance imaging. Pancreas 2012; 41: 278-282
• 122 de Jong K, Poley JW, van Hooft JE et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of pancreatic cystic lesions provides inadequate material for cytology and laboratory analysis: initial results from a prospective study. Endoscopy 2011; 43: 585-590
• 123 Adimoolam V, Sanchez MJ, Siddiqui UD et al. Endoscopic ultrasound identifies synchronous pancreas cystic lesions not seen on initial cross-sectional imaging. Pancreas 2011; 40: 1070-1072
• 124 Cizginer S, Turner B, Bilge AR et al. Cyst fluid carcinoembryonic antigen is an accurate diagnostic marker of pancreatic mucinous cysts. Pancreas 2011; 40: 1024-1028
• 125 Genevay M, Mino-Kenudson M, Yaeger K et al. Cytology adds value to imaging studies for risk assessment of malignancy in pancreatic mucinous cysts. Ann Surg 2011; 254: 977-983
• 126 Jenssen C, Dietrich CF. Endoscopic ultrasound in chronic pancreatitis. Z Gastroenterol 2005; 43: 737-749
• 127 Wiersema MJ, Hawes RH, Lehman GA et al. Prospective evaluation of endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with chronic abdominal pain of suspected pancreatic origin. Endoscopy 1993; 25: 555-564
• 128 Stevens T, Parsi MA. Endoscopic ultrasound for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 2841-2850
• 129 Kahl S, Glasbrenner B, Leodolter A et al. EUS in the diagnosis of early chronic pancreatitis: a prospective follow-up study. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 55: 507-511
• 130 Stevens T, Conwell DL, Zuccaro Jr G et al. Comparison of endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography for the prediction of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53: 1146-1151
• 131 Stevens T, Dumot JA, Parsi MA et al. Combined endoscopic ultrasound and secretin endoscopic pancreatic function test in patients evaluated for chronic pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 2681-2687
• 132 Pungpapong S, Wallace MB, Woodward TA et al. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis: a prospective comparison study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 41: 88-93
• 133 Albashir S, Bronner MP, Parsi MA et al. Endoscopic ultrasound, secretin endoscopic pancreatic function test, and histology: correlation in chronic pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 2498-2503
• 134 Chong AK, Hawes RH, Hoffman BJ et al. Diagnostic performance of EUS for chronic pancreatitis: a comparison with histopathology. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 65: 808-814
• 135 Varadarajulu S, Eltoum I, Tamhane A et al. Histopathologic correlates of noncalcific chronic pancreatitis by EUS: a prospective tissue characterization study. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 66: 501-509
• 136 Wallace MB, Hawes RH, Durkalski V et al. The reliability of EUS for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis: interobserver agreement among experienced endosonographers. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 53: 294-299
• 137 Lieb 2nd JG, Palma DT, Garvan CW et al. Intraobserver agreement among endosonographers for endoscopic ultrasound features of chronic pancreatitis: a blinded multicenter study. Pancreas 2011; 40: 177-180
• 138 Catalano MF, Sahai A, Levy M et al. EUS-based criteria for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis: the Rosemont classification. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 69: 1251-1261
• 139 Jenssen C, Möller K, von Lampe B et al. Schwierige endosonografische Differenzialdiagnosen am Pankreas – chronische Pankreatitis. Ergebnisse und Interpretation einer Interobserver-Variabilitätsuntersuchung. Endo heute 2012; 25: 42-52
• 140 Stevens T, Lopez R, Adler DG et al. Multicenter comparison of the interobserver agreement of standard EUS scoring and Rosemont classification scoring for diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71: 519-526
• 141 Del Pozo D, Poves E, Tabernero S et al. Conventional versus Rosemont endoscopic ultrasound criteria for chronic pancreatitis: interobserver agreement in same day back-to-back procedures. Pancreatology 2012; 12: 284-287
• 142 Eloubeidi MA, Luz LP, Tamhane A et al. Ratio of Pancreatic Duct Caliber to Width of Pancreatic Gland by Endosonography Is Predictive of Pancreatic Cancer. Pancreas 2012; Epub ahead of print.
• 143 Annema JT, Versteegh MI, Veselic M et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer and its impact on surgical staging. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 8357-8361
• 144 Tournoy KG, De Ryck F, Vanwalleghem LR et al. Endoscopic ultrasound reduces surgical mediastinal staging in lung cancer: a randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177: 531-535
• 145 Annema JT, van Meerbeeck JP, Rintoul RC et al. Mediastinoscopy vs endosonography for mediastinal nodal staging of lung cancer: a randomized trial. JAMA 2010; 304: 2245-2252
• 146 Sharples LD, Jackson C, Wheaton E et al. Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of endobronchial and endoscopic ultrasound relative to surgical staging in potentially resectable lung cancer: results from the ASTER randomised controlled trial. Health Technol Assess 2012; 16: 1-75, iii-iv
• 147 Navani N, Brown JM, Nankivell M et al. Suitability of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration specimens for subtyping and genotyping of non-small cell lung cancer: a multicenter study of 774 patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185: 1316-1322
• 148 Tournoy KG, Carprieaux M, Deschepper E et al. Are EUS-FNA and EBUS-TBNA specimens reliable for subtyping non-small cell lung cancer?. Lung Cancer 2012; 76: 46-50
• 149 Kerr KM. Personalized medicine for lung cancer: new challenges for pathology. Histopathology 2012; 60: 531-546
• 150 Savic S, Bihl MP, Bubendorf L. Non-small cell lung cancer. Subtyping and predictive molecular marker investigations in cytology. Pathologe 2012; 33: 301-307
• 151 Ulivi P, Romagnoli M, Chiadini E et al. Assessment of EGFR and K-ras mutations in fixed and fresh specimens from transesophageal ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Int J Oncol 2012; 41: 147-152
• 152 Jenssen C, Dietrich CF. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy and trucut biopsy in gastroenterology – An overview. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2009; 23: 743-759
• 153 Affolter KE, Schmidt RL, Matynia AP et al. Needle Size Has Only a Limited Effect on Outcomes in EUS-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2012; Epub ahead of print.
• 154 Song TJ, Kim JH, Lee SS et al. The prospective randomized, controlled trial of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration using 22G and 19G aspiration needles for solid pancreatic or peripancreatic masses. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 1739-1745
• 155 Camellini L, Carlinfante G, Azzolini F et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing 22G and 25G needles in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of solid lesions. Endoscopy 2011; 43: 709-715
• 156 Bang JY, Hebert-Magee S, Trevino J et al. Randomized trial comparing the 22-gauge aspiration and 22-gauge biopsy needles for EUS-guided sampling of solid pancreatic mass lesions. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 76: 321-327
• 157 Wani S, Early D, Kunkel J et al. Diagnostic yield of malignancy during EUS-guided FNA of solid lesions with and without a stylet: a prospective, single blind, randomized, controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 76: 328-335
• 158 Schmidt RL, Witt BL, Matynia AP et al. Rapid On-Site Evaluation Increases Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration Adequacy for Pancreatic Lesions. Dig Dis Sci 2012; Epub ahead of print.
• 159 Iglesias-Garcia J, Dominguez-Munoz JE, Abdulkader I et al. Influence of on-site cytopathology evaluation on the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) of solid pancreatic masses. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106: 1705-1710
• 160 Haba S, Yamao K, Bhatia V et al. Diagnostic ability and factors affecting accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for pancreatic solid lesions: Japanese large single center experience. J Gastroenterol 2012; Epub ahead of print.
• 161 Siddiqui AA, Brown LJ, Hong SK et al. Relationship of pancreatic mass size and diagnostic yield of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56: 3370-3375
• 162 Dumonceau JM, Koessler T, van Hooft JE et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine needle aspiration: Relatively low sensitivity in the endosonographer population. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18: 2357-2363
• 163 Wang KX, Ben QW, Jin ZD et al. Assessment of morbidity and mortality associated with EUS-guided FNA: a systematic review. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73: 283-290
• 164 Jenssen C, Alvarez-Sánchez MV, Napoléon B et al. Diagnostic Endoscopic Ultrasonography: Assessment of Safety and Prevention of Complications. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18: 4659-4676
• 165 Hirooka Y, Goto H, Itoh A et al. Case of intraductal papillary mucinous tumor in which endosonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy caused dissemination. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 18: 1323-1324
• 166 Shah JN, Fraker D, Guerry D et al. Melanoma seeding of an EUS-guided fine needle track. Gastrointest Endosc 2004; 59: 923-924
• 167 Paquin SC, Gariepy G, Lepanto L et al. A first report of tumor seeding because of EUS-guided FNA of a pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 61: 610-611
• 168 Doi S, Yasuda I, Iwashita T et al. Needle tract implantation on the esophageal wall after EUS-guided FNA of metastatic mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 67: 988-990
• 169 Ahmed K, Sussman JJ, Wang J et al. A case of EUS-guided FNA-related pancreatic cancer metastasis to the stomach. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 74: 231-233
• 170 Chong A, Venugopal K, Segarajasingam D et al. Tumor seeding after EUS-guided FNA of pancreatic tail neoplasia. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 74: 933-935
• 171 Katanuma A, Maguchi H, Hashigo S et al. Tumor seeding after endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of cancer in the body of the pancreas. Endoscopy 2012; 44 (Suppl. 02) UCTN; E160-E161
• 172 Beane JD, House MG, Cote GA et al. Outcomes after preoperative endoscopic ultrasonography and biopsy in patients undergoing distal pancreatectomy. Surgery 2011; 150: 844-853
• 173 Jenssen C, Gottschalk U, Schachschal G et al. Kursbuch Endosonographie. Stuttgart, New York: Thieme; 2013. in Vorbereitung
• 174 Eisen GM, Dominitz JA, Faigel DO et al. Guidelines for credentialing and granting privileges for endoscopic ultrasound. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 54: 811-814
• 175 Wani S, Cote GA, Keswani R et al. Learning curves for EUS by using cumulative sum analysis: implications for American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy recommendations for training. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; Epub ahead of print.
• 176 Burmester E, Leineweber T, Hacker S et al. EUS Meets Voxel-Man: three-dimensional anatomic animation of linear-array endoscopic ultrasound images. Endoscopy 2004; 36: 726-730
• 177 Konge L, Vilmann P, Clementsen P et al. Reliable and valid assessment of competence in endoscopic ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration for mediastinal staging of non-small cell lung cancer. Endoscopy 2012; 44: 928-933