Download PDF
Int J Sports Med 2011; 32(11): 835-838
DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1279778
Training & Testing
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Glucose Response after a Ten-Week Training in Swimming

Y. Sengoku
1   Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, , Japan
,
K. Nakamura
1   Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, , Japan
,
T. Takeda
1   Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, , Japan
,
Y. Nabekura
1   Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, , Japan
,
S. Tsubakimoto
1   Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, , Japan
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History



accepted after revision 16 May 2011

Publication Date:
11 October 2011 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

The present study investigated the difference in blood glucose concentration (Glu) response during an incremental swimming test before and after a ten-week training period and verified whether blood glucose threshold (GT) could be determined in competitive swimmers. 7 elite male university swimmers participated in this study. 2 incremental swimming tests were conducted in a swimming flume before and after a ten-week training period. Blood lactate concentration (Bla) and Glu were measured after each swimming step, and the velocities of the lactate threshold (VLT) and glucose threshold (VGT) were analyzed. VLT increased significantly after training (1.21±0.06 m·s−1 pre-training, 1.31±0.10 m·s−1 post-training, p<0.05), while Glu did not increase at the higher swimming intensity steps. GT was not determined at each trial. Our results show that lactate threshold (LT) improved significantly after the ten-week training period, while the Glu response during incremental swimming tests did not change. Therefore, GT could not be determined in elite competitive swimmers before and after training.

Key words

endurance capacity - anaerobic threshold - metabolic response
 

  • References

  • 1 Adrian MJ, Singh M, Karpovichi PV. Energy cost of leg kick, arm stroke, and the whole crawl stroke. J Appl Physiol 1966; 21: 1763-1766
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Ahlborg G, Jensen-Urstad M. Metabolism in exercising arm vs. leg muscle. Clin Physiol 1991; 11: 459-468
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ. Improved detection of lactate threshold during exercise using a log-log transformation. J Appl Physiol 1985; 59: 1936-1940
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Billat LV. Use of blood lactate measurements for prediction of exercise performance and for control training. Sports Med 1996; 22: 157-175
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Coggan AR, Raguso CA, Williams BD, Sidossis LS, Gastaldelli A. Glucose kinetics during high-intensity exercise in endurance-trained and untrained humans. J Appl Physiol 1995; 80: 1073-1075
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Flynn MG, Costill DL, Kirwan JP, Mitchell JB, Houmard JA, Fink WJ, Beltz JD, D’Acquisto J. Fat storage in athlete: Metabolic and hormonal responses to swimming and running. Int J Sports Med 1990; 11: 433-440
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Update - Ethical Standards in Sport and Exercise Science Research. Int J Sports Med 2011; 32: 819-821
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Heck H, Mader A, Hess G, Muche S, Muller R, Hollman W. Justification of the 4-mmol/l lactate threshold. Int J Sports Med 1985; 6: 117-130
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Helge JW. Arm and leg substrate utilization and muscle adaptation after prolonged low-intensity training. Acta Physiol 2010; 199: 519-528
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Hollander AP, van Ingen Shenau GJ. Contribution of the legs to propulsion in front crawl swimming. In: Ungerechts BE, Reischle K, Wilke K. eds Swimming Science. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1987: 53-59
    Google Scholar
  • 11 Júnior PB, Neiva CM, Denadai BS. Effect of an acute beta-adrenergic blockade on the blood glucose response during lactate minimum test. J Sci Med Sport 2001; 4: 257-265
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Keskinen KL, Komi PV, Rusko H. A comparative study of blood lactate tests in swimming. Int J Sports Med 1989; 10: 197-201
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Lavoie JM. Blood metabolites during prolonged exercise in swimming and leg cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 1982; 48: 127-133
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Madsen O, Lohberg M. The lowdown on lactates. Swimming Technique 1987; 24: 21-26
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Maglischo EW, Maglischo CW, Bishop RA. Lactate testing for training pace. Swimming Technique 1982; 19: 31-37
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Maglischo EW. Swimming even faster. California: Mayfield Publishing Company 1993; 179-182
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Newell J, Higgins D, Madden N, Cruickshank J, Einbeck J, McMillan K, McDonald R. Software for calculating blood lactate endurance markers. J Sports Sci 2007; 25: 1403-1409
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Pluto R, Cruze SA, Weiss M, Hotz T, Mandel P, Weicker H. Cardiocirculatory hormonal, and metabolic reactions to various forms of ergometric tests. Int J Sports Med 1988; 9: S79-S88
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Pyne DB, Lee H, Swanwick KM. Monitoring the lactate threshold in world-ranked swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: 291-297
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Ribeiro LF, Malachias PC, Junior PB, Baldissera V. Lactate and glucose minimum speeds and running performance. J Sci Med Sport 2004; 7: 123-127
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Richter EA, Kiens B, Saltin B, Christensen NJ, Savard G. Skeletal muscle glucose uptake during dynamic exercise in humans: role of muscle mass. Am J Physiol 1988; 254 (5 Pt 1) E555-E561
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Rocha C, Canellas D, Monteiro D, Antoniazzi M, Azevedo PHSM. Changes in individual glucose threshold during military training. Int J Sports Med 2010; 31: 482-485
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Sengoku Y, Nakamura K, Takeda T, Nabekura Y, Tsubakimoto S. Can blood glucose threshold be determined in swimmers early in the swimming season?. In: Pre-Ludvik K, Stallman RK, Carbi J. eds Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI: Norwegian School of Sports Science. 2010: 224-225
    Google Scholar
  • 24 Simões HG, Campbell CSG, Kokubun E, Denadai BS, Baldissera V. Blood glucose responses in humans mirror lactate responses for individual anaerobic threshold and for lactate minimum in track tests. Eur J Appl Physiol 1999; 80: 34-40
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Simões HG, Campbell CS, Kushnick MR, Nakamura A, Katsanos CS, Baldissera V, Moffatt RJ. Blood glucose threshold and the metabolic responses to incremental exercise tests with and without prior lactic acidosis induction. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003; 89: 603-611
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Sotero RC, Pardono E, Landwehr R, Campbell CSG, Simoes HG. Blood glucose minimum predicts maximal lactate steady state on running. Int J Sports Med 2009; 30: 643-646
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Tanaka K, Matsuura A, Matsuzaka K, Hirakoba K, Kumagai S, Sun SO, Asano K. A longitudinal assessment of aerobic threshold and distance-running performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1984; 16: 278-282
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Tanner RK, Fuller KL, Ross ML. Evaluation of three portable blood lactate analysers: Lactate Pro, Lactate Scout and Lactate Plus. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109: 551-559
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Wakayoshi K, Yoshida T, Ikuta Y, Mutoh Y, Miyashita M. Adaptations to six months of aerobic swim training. Changes in velocity, stroke rate, stroke length and blood lactate. Int J Sports Med. 1993 14. 368-372
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Weitgasser R, Gappmayer B, Pichler M. Newer portable glucose meters – Analytical improvement compared with previous generation devices?. Clin Chem 1999; 45: 1821-1825
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Wiesner S, Birkenfeld AL, Engeli S, Haufe S, Brechtel L, Wein J, Hermsdorf M, Karnahl B, Berlan M, Lafontan M, Sweep FCGJ, Luft FC, Jordan J. Neurohumoral and metabolic response to exercise in water. Horm Metab Res 2010; 42: 334-339
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar