Strömungssimulation und Klimatisierung in der Nase

Zusammenfassung

Die Erwärmung und Befeuchtung der eingeatmeten Luft ist neben der Reinigung und Riechfunktion die zentrale Aufgabe der Nasenwege. Die optimale Konditionierung der Atemluft in der Nase soll einen unbeeinträchtigten alveolären Gasaustausch ermöglichen. Aufgrund der komplexen dreidimensionalen Struktur der Nasenhöhle und der schlechten Zugänglichkeit insbesondere tieferer Nasenabschnitte, sind in vivo Messungen des intranasalen Temperatur- und Wärmeaustausches anhand verschiedener Versuchsanordnungen der gesamten Nase technisch nicht realisierbar. Das Hauptproblem von intranasalen in vivo Messungen ist die eingeschränkte räumliche und zeitliche Auflösung. Es können nur Daten an einzelnen Stellen in der Nase erhoben werden. Eine exakte Untersuchung und Kartierung der Lufttemperatur, -feuchte und Mukosatemperatur innerhalb der gesamten Nase ist in vivo technisch nicht realisierbar, da unendlich viele Messungen während des Atemzyklus erforderlich wären und dies nur bis zu einem gewissen Grad durchführbar ist. Diese Schwierigkeiten mit in vivo Messungen haben in den letzten Jahren zu einer großen Zahl an numerischen Simulationsprojekten geführt, die ergänzend Informationen zur äußerst komplexen Funktion der Nasenwege liefern können. Generell können numerische Simulationen nur eingeschränkt und abhängig von den eingestellten Randbedingungen des Computermodells, z. B. realistisches Nasenmodell, Vorhersagen berechnen. Es handelt sich also immer um numerische Näherungen. Ziel dieses Referates ist die Zusammenschau der messtechnischen Erkenntnisse der nasalen Klimatisierung in vivo, der Informationen aus den numerischen Simulationen und speziell der Wissensstand bezüglich des Einflusses von chirurgischen Eingriffen an der Nase und den Nasennebenhöhlen auf die Klimatisierungsfunktion der Nase.

Abstract

Simulation and Air-conditioning in the Nose

Heating and humidification of the respiratory air are the main functions of the nasal airways in addition to cleansing and olfaction. Optimal nasal air conditioning is mandatory for an ideal pulmonary gas exchange in order to avoid dessication and adhesion of the alveolar capillary bed. The complex three-dimensional anatomical structure of the nose makes it impossible to perform detailed in vivo studies on intranasal heating and humidification within the entire nasal airways applying various technical set-ups. The main problem of in vivo temperature and humidity measurements is a poor spatial and time resolution. Therefore, in vivo measurements are feasible to a restricted extent, only providing single temperature values as the complete nose is not entirely accessible. Therefore, data on the overall performance of the nose are only based on one single measurement within each nasal segment. In vivo measurements within the entire nose are not feasible. These serious technical issues concerning in vivo measurements led to a large number of numerical simulation projects in the last few years providing novel information about the complex functions of the nasal airways. In general, numerical simulations only calculate predictions in a computational model, e. g. realistic nose model, depending on the setting of the boundary conditions. Therefore, numerical simulations achieve only approximations of a possible real situation. The aim of this report is the synopsis of the technical expertise on the field of in vivo nasal air conditioning, the novel information of numerical simulations and the current state of knowledge on the influence of nasal and sinus surgery on nasal air conditioning.

Schlüsselwörter

Klimatisierung - Strömung - numerische Simulation - CFD - Nase

Key words

climatisation - air flow - numerical simulation - CFD - nose

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