Baseline Evaluation of Claude Opus 4 for Diabetes Management: A Preliminary Assessment and Lessons for Implementation

Background: Claude Opus 4 is a large language model (LLM) that features improved reasoning capabilities and broader contextual understanding compared to earlier versions. Despite the growing use of LLM systems for seeking medical information, structured and simulation-based evaluations of Claude Opus 4’s capabilities in diabetes management remain limited, particularly across domains such as patient education, clinical reasoning, and emotional support. Objectives: To conduct a baseline evaluation of Claude Opus 4’s performance across key domains of diabetes care (i.e., patient education, clinical reasoning, and emotional support), and to identify preliminary insights that can inform future, evidence-informed integration strategies. Methods: A three-step evaluation was conducted: (1) 30 diabetes management questions assessed using expert endocrinologist evaluation, (2) five fictional diabetes cases evaluated for clinical decision-making, and (3) emotional support responses assessed for appropriateness and empathy. Three expert endocrinologists graded responses according to American Diabetes Association guidelines. Results: Claude Opus 4 achieved 80% accuracy in general diabetes knowledge, with high response reproducibility (96.7%), indicating baseline rather than clinically adequate performance. Clinical case evaluations showed moderate utility (mean expert rating = 4.4/7), while emotional-support assessments yielded high scores for empathy (6.2/7) and appropriateness (6.0/7). These findings suggest that although the model demonstrates promising informational and emotional-support capabilities, its current performance remains insufficient for autonomous clinical use and should be viewed as preliminary evidence to guide future, patient-inclusive validation studies. Conclusion: While Claude Opus 4 demonstrates preliminary findings suggesting potential applications in diabetes care, education, and emotional support, this baseline assessment using fictional cases underscores the need for real-world validation with clinical data to determine true clinical utility and patient-centered impact. This simulation-based evaluation also offers practical lessons learned for researchers designing future LLM assessments, highlighting the need for mixed expert-patient panels, contextual validation, and person-centered metrics beyond numerical accuracy.

Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 03. Juli 2025

Angenommen nach Revision: 04. Dezember 2025

Accepted Manuscript online:
08. Dezember 2025