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DOI: 10.1055/a-2654-5554
Therapien für die chronische inflammatorische demyelinisierende Polyneuropathie im Fokus
Treatment options for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathyAutoren
Zusammenfassung
Die chronisch entzündliche demyelinisierende Polyradikuloneuritis (CIDP) ist eine anhand klinischer Kriterien sowie neurophysiologischer und weiterer Zusatzkriterien definierte Erkrankung mit heterogenem Spektrum und ist die häufigste behandelbare immunvermittele Polyneuropathie. Es wird zunehmend klar, dass die Erforschung der pathophysiologischen Grundlagen der klassischen CIDP und der CIDP-Varianten, wie sie in der letzten Revision der diagnostischen Kriterien im Jahr 2021 definiert wurden, kritisch für die Einschätzung der Prognose und des Therapieansprechens ist. Zu den aktuellen evidenzbasierten Erstlinientherapien gehören intravenöse und subkutane Immunglobuline, Kortikosteroide und Plasmaaustauschverfahren. Trotz fehlender großer, kontrollierter, multizentrischer Studien werden Azathioprin, Ciclosporin A, Cyclophosphamid und Rituximab seit Jahrzehnten als Eskalationstherapie bei etwa 25% der Betroffenen mit Erstlinientherapie-refraktärer Erkrankung eingesetzt. In einer aktuellen kontrollierten Studie hat Rituximab keinen zusätzlichen Effekt im Vergleich zu Placebo gezeigt, während zunehmende retrospektive Studien die Wirksamkeit von Rituximab bei der multifokalen CIDP-Variante berichten. Die hämatopoetische autologe Stammzelltransplantation kann bei Eskalationstherapie-refraktärer Erkrankung wirksam sein. Durch Umwidmung von Medikamenten anderer Autoimmunerkrankungen (i. e. Myasthenia gravis, Multiple Sklerose und rheumatologische Erkrankungen), werden derzeit neue Therapieoptionen für die CIDP erforscht. Die randomisierte Placebo-kontrollierte Studie mit Efgartigimod, einem neonatalen Fc-Rezeptorblocker, zeigte eine signifikant reduzierte Rückfallquote nach Absetzen einer vorherigen Immuntherapie im Vergleich zu Placebo und erhielt daher im Jahr 2024 die Zulassung für die typische CIDP und CIDP-Varianten in den USA, wohingegen ein weiterer FcRn-Modulator keine signifikante Stabilisierung in einer placebokontrollierten Studie zeigte. Weitere FcRn-Modulatoren werden aktuell untersucht. Der C1-Komplementinhibitor SAR445088, der im frühen Teil des klassischen Komplementsystems wirkt, ist derzeit Gegenstand einer weiteren Studie. Auch Bruton-Tyrosinkinase-Inhibitoren mit teilweise B-Zell- und Makrophagen-vermittelten Effekten können einen weiteren zukünftigen Forschungsansatz darstellen. Die Erweiterung der therapeutischen Möglichkeiten und die Transition auf die personalisierte Therapie für die CIDP setzt allerdings eine bessere Charakterisierung der pathophysiologischen Grundlagen des Erkrankungsspektrums voraus und erhöht den Bedarf an zuverlässigen Markern einer Krankheitsaktivität.
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuritis (CIDP) is a heterogeneous disease defined by clinical, neurophysiological, and complementary criteria. It is becoming increasingly clear that research into the pathophysiological basis of classic CIDP and CIDP variants, as defined in the latest revision of the diagnostic criteria in 2021, is critical for therapeutic research. Current first-line therapies include intravenous and subcutaneous immunoglobulins, corticosteroids, and plasma exchange. Despite the lack of large, controlled trials, azathioprine, cyclosporine A, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab have been used for decades as escalation therapy in approximately 25% of patients with first-line refractory disease. In a recent controlled study, rituximab showed no additional effect compared to placebo, while increasing numbers of retrospective studies report the efficacy of rituximab in multifocal CIDP. Hematopoietic autologous stem cell transplantation may be effective in disease refractory to escalation therapy. New treatment options for CIDP are currently being explored by repurposing drugs used for other autoimmune diseases (i. e., myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatological diseases). The randomized, placebo-controlled trial with efgartigimod, a neonatal Fc receptor blocker, showed a significantly reduced relapse rate after discontinuation of prior immunotherapy compared to placebo and was therefore first approved in the USA in 2024. Additional FcRn modulators are currently being investigated. The C1 complement inhibitor SAR445088, which acts in the early part of the classical complement system, is currently the subject of another study. Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors with B cell and macrophage-mediated effects may also represent another future research avenue. However, expanding therapeutic options and transitioning to personalized therapy for CIDP requires a better characterization of the pathophysiological basis of the disease spectrum and increases the need for biomarkers.
Publikationsverlauf
Artikel online veröffentlicht:
01. Dezember 2025
© 2025. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
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