Faszien als sensomotorisches Netzwerk und deren Beziehung zu chronischen Rückenschmerzen

Zusammenfassung

Ziel Ziel dieser Literaturübersicht ist es das fasziale Netzwerk im Zusammenhang mit der Entstehung von Rückenschmerzen zu betrachten, mögliche Einflussfaktoren zu analysieren und diagnostische Möglichkeiten aufzuzeigen, mit denen Veränderungen in faszialen Strukturen bei Rückenschmerzpatienten verdeutlicht werden können.

Methode Es wurde eine Literaturrecherche mit den Schlagworten Faszien, Sensomotorik, unspezifischer Rückenschmerz, creep, Schmerz und Diagnostik durchgeführt. Von etwa 400 Artikeln wurden die Abstracts gesichtet, etwa 150 wurden gelesen und ausgewertet. Am Ende flossen 86 Artikel in die Erstellung dieses narrativen Reviews ein.

Ergebnis Faszien können sich aufgrund der enthaltenen Fasern gut an eine Zugbelastung anpassen. Ab einer Dehnung der Fasern zwischen 3–8% kommt es zu ersten irreversiblen Gewebeveränderungen, die einen Beitrag zu unspezifischen Rückenschmerzen leisten können (creep-Effekt). Durch Mikroverletzungen können die in den Faszien enthaltenen Fibroblasten aktiviert werden und die Steifigkeit der Faszien erhöhen, was den möglichen Bewegungsradius einschränken kann und die Faszienvorspannung erhöht. Somit sinkt die Toleranz auf eine angelegte Zugspannung. Durch die Ultraschallelastografie ist die reduzierte Beweglichkeit in den Faserschichten der Faszien zu erkennen. Außerdem spielen Faszien durch ihre starke Innervation bei der Propriozeption, Exterozeption, Interozeption und Nozizeption eine maßgebliche Rolle.

Schlussfolgerung Ob das fasziale Netzwerk mit der Entstehung von unspezifischen Rückenschmerzen in Verbindung steht, kann aufgrund der derzeit immer noch lückenhaften Erkenntnisse über die funktionellen Zusammenhänge noch nicht geklärt werden. Außerdem stehen noch keine diagnostischen Mittel zur Verfügung, die die Funktionalität der Faszien sicher bewerten können. Dennoch sollten die Faszien als sensomotorisches Netzwerk verstanden werden, das in seiner Komplexität mit allen Strukturen des menschlichen Körpers wechselwirkt und somit einen Einfluss auf Rückenschmerzen haben kann.

Abstract

Aim The aim of this literature review was to examine the fascial network in connection with the development of back pain, to analyse possible influencing factors and to show diagnostic possibilities.

Method A literature review was conducted using the keywords fascia, sensorimotor function, non-specific back pain, creep, pain and diagnostics. Abstracts of about 400 articles were reviewed, about 150 were read and evaluated. Finally, 86 articles were included for this narrative review.

Result Fasciae can adapt well to tensile stress due to the fibres contained, but irreversible tissue changes begin to occur if the fibres are stretched about 3–8%, which can contribute to unspecific back pain (creep effect). Micro-injuries can activate the fibroblasts of the fascia and increase its stiffness, limiting the possible range of movement and increase the fascial pre-tension. This reduces the tolerance to an applied tensile stress. The reduced mobility in the fibrous layers of the fasciae can be detected by ultrasonic elastography. In addition, fasciae play a decisive role in proprioception, exteroception, interoception and nociception due to their dense innervation.

Conclusion Whether the fascial network interrelates with the development of unspecific back pain cannot yet be clarified due to the currently still incomplete knowledge about the functional connections. In addition, no diagnostic tools are yet available that can reliably evaluate the functionality of the fascia. Nevertheless, fascia should be understood as a sensorimotor network which, in its complexity, interacts with all structures of the human body and can therefore have an influence on back pain.

Schlüsselwörter

Faszien - Sensomotorik - unspezifischer Rückenschmerz - creep - Schmerz - Diagnostik

Key words

Fascia - sensorimotor system - non-specific back pain - creep - pain - diagnostics

Publication History

Received: 11 June 2020

Accepted: 26 October 2020

Article published online:
12 November 2020

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