Screening of Patients for Cochlear Implant Through a Questionnaire Online. GroupProfile of Patients Pre-and Peri lingual Not Summoned

SUMMARY

Introduction: Facilitating access to specialized centers and properly screen patients seeking cochlear implants are critical steps for proper rehabilitation.

Objective: To describe the group of patients pre-and peri-lingual is not called for in a service evaluation of cochlear implants.

Method: A retrospective study analyzed 401 questionnaires of patients pre-and peri-lingual Web site registered in the Central Brazilian cochlear implant. For the failure to call these patients were used as criteria applied some variables: age, use of hearing aids, speech therapy, duration of deafness, type of progression of hearing loss and type of communication used by the patient.

Results: The group of patients with pre-and peri-lingual deafness accounted for 34% of total questionnaires completed during the period. The distribution by age found that 54% of patients were over 17 years, 30% between 9 and 17 years, and remaining less than 9 years. The duration of deafness was higher than 20 years in 50% of patients, between 10 and 20 years by 32% between 5 and 10 years in 9% and between 0 and 5 years in 9%. Regarding the performance of voice rehabilitation 58% of patients had performed and 42% did not. Regarding the mode of communication 49% had global communication, 18% LIBRAS, 6% oral communication, 26% no communication.

Conclusion: Advanced age, duration of deafness high, so mostly no oral communication and lack of voice rehabilitation were crucial to the failure to call these patients.

Resumo

Introdução: Facilitar o acesso a centros especializados e selecionar corretamente pacientes que procuram o implante coclear são etapas fundamentais para uma reabilitação adequada.

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil do grupo de pacientes pré e peri linguais não convocados para avaliação em um serviço de implante coclear.

Método: Estudo retrospectivo que avaliou 401 questionários de pacientes pré e peri linguais, cadastrados no site da Central Brasileira de Implante Coclear. Para a não convocação destes pacientes foram utilizados critérios aplicados algumas variáveis como: Idade, uso de aparelho auditivo, terapia fonoaudiológica, tempo de surdez, características da progressão da perda auditiva e tipo de comunicação utilizada pelo paciente.

Resultados: O grupo de pacientes com surdez pré e peri lingual correspondeu a 34% do total questionários preenchidos no período analisado. A distribuição pela faixa etária constatou que 54% dos pacientes estavam acima dos 17 anos, 30% entre 9 e 17 anos, e o restante abaixo dos 9 anos. O tempo de surdez foi maior que 20 anos em 50% dos pacientes, entre 10 e 20 anos em 32%, entre 5 e 10 anos em 9% e entre 0 e 5 anos em 9%. Em relação a realização de reabilitação fonoaudiológica 58% dos pacientes já haviam realizado e 42% não. Em relação ao modo de comunicação 49% apresentaram comunicação global, 18% LIBRAS, 6% comunicação oral, 26% nenhuma comunicação.

Conclusão: Idade avançada, tempo de surdez elevado, modo de comunicação predominantemente não oral e a falta de reabilitação fonoaudiológica foram determinantes para a não convocação destes pacientes.

Keywords

patient selection - questionnaires - cochlear implant

Palavras-chave

seleção de pacientes - questionários - implante coclear

Introduction

The loss did not properly conducted may cause language impairments, cognitive, emotional, social and educational.

The cochlear implant (CI) provides acquisition and development of listening skills and language, and its use can reduce the impact of deafness in all its aspects[1].

The selection of patients for IC is a cause of numerous studies that have expanded the situations in which observed benefits to the patient and the best indication occurs in bilateral hearing loss without adequate functional improvement with a hearing aids (HA)[1] [2] [3].

The activities related to IC gained significant momentum in our country in the 90s and some groups chose to meet all the causes of deafness, with no restrictions regarding the age and place of origin of patients, extending this benefit to the entire national territory[4]. Still, a large number of people with hearing loss remains without any information on opportunities available therapeutic options, nor does it seek to develop intervention are essential for proper rehabilitation.

The correct selection of patients is a major challenge for the realization of ICs. This process involves high-cost technology, need for skilled professionals and observation of all stages of evaluation[2] [3]. Being a relatively new procedure in our country there are a large number of inappropriate referrals to specialized services in cochlear implant, delaying the assessment and rehabilitation of patients who would have real benefits with the use of the implant[1] [2] [3].

Based on this scenario was put into operation the site of cochlear implant (www.implantecoclear.org.br) in 2006 with the aim of universal access to those in need of a reference service in cochlear implant, select patients who possess the minimum criteria indication for evaluation as a candidate for a cochlear implant, avoiding the generation of queries and offsets and reduce unnecessary costs to the hospital to the patient and the Unified Health System (SUS). The steps for selection or rejection of patients are shown in [Figure 1] flowchart.

Figure 1. Flowchart.

Our objectives are:

1. Describe the profile of the group of patients with pre-and peri-lingual deafness who were not invited for evaluation by the Cochlear Implant Group and analyze the main reasons that contributed to the failure to call.

2. Assess the use of the questionnaire, its scope and application as a tool for selecting patients who seek a service specializing in cochlear implants.

Method

The questionnaire prepared in accordance with the Protocol for Cochlear Implant Latin American[5], HC-FMUSP Protocol[6] and the experience gained through the Central Brazilian cochlear implant (CBIC) is divided into five parts: identification, three pieces of related questions the historic hearing, education and communication ([Annex 1]) and an area intended to describe and attach reports of examinations and additional considerations.

ANNEX 1.

1) The patient uses or has used a hearing aid?  a) Yes OD____  b) Yes OE____  c) Yes ____ bilateral  d) No____ 2) The patient attends or has attended an institution does or speech therapy?  a) Yes____  b) No____   a1) Where is the location of the institution / clinic attendance?    a1.1) At its city____    a1.2) In the neighborhood city ____   a2) How many times a week (a) patient receives speech therapy?    a2.1) 1 time / week____    a2.2) 2 or more times / week____    a2.3) less than 1 time per week____   a3) How long has patient's treatment with speech therapists?   b1) If the patient does not speech therapy, why does not it? 3) How is the communication of (a) patient?  a) It only has / have difficulty on the phone and in noisy environments.  b) I speak good / reasonable using lip reading.  c) I use the Brazilian sign language exclusively.  d) I use signs and lip reading.  e) I only use indicative gestures. 4) To communicate the patient:  a) Only emits sounds.  b) Repeated short words.  c) Use words to ask what they want.  d) Account stories. 5) As (a) patient understands:  a) Isolated words without the use of indicative gestures.  b) Phrases without the use of indicative gestures.  c) Only when speech is accompanied by gestures.  d) Does not understand / speak it. 6) (A) patient has been to school?  a) No, never.  b) Yes, I studied the first degree.  c) Yes, I studied the second degree.  d) Yes, I attended college. 7) What is the cause of deafness? 8) How old are you (the applicant) had when he was deaf? 9) What is the duration of deafness of the applicant? 10) The deafness was progressive (it was getting worse over the years), or happened suddenly? 11) How is the language of the patient? You can understand what he speaks? 12) There is another disease associated with hearing loss? What? 13) Why did you / he is looking / needing cochlear implant? 14) In which ear is hearing loss:  a) Right____  b) Left____  c) Two ears____  14.1) Cause:   a) Abrupt____   b) Progressive____ 14.2) Time: 15) Tinnitus:  a) Yes____  b) No____   15.1) Side:    a) Abrupt____    b) Progressive____   15.2) Time:    a) Constant____\    b) Intermittent____ 16) Dizziness:  a) Yes____  b) No____   16.1) Duration:   16.2) Frequency:    a) Vertigo____    b) crisis____ 17) Prior ear surgery:  a) Yes____  b) No____ 18) Prior Hearing aid:  a) Yes____  b) No____   18.1) Side:   18.2) Time:   18.3) Manufacturer: 19) Family History of Deafness. Who?

To complete the questionnaire is recommended to aid the responsible physician preference and / or speech therapy, monitoring the case. After analyzing the questionnaires by doctors members of CBIC is opted for calling or not calling the patient.

Between March 2006 and November 2007, eleven hundred and Fifty-eight patients have accessed the site and filled out a questionnaire. Of this total, 401 patients with pre-and peri-lingual deafness were not summoned for evaluation as candidates for cochlear implants.

Criteria used for calling or refusal of patients pre-and peri-lingual for the first consultation were established using criteria established in national and international literature and also the experience of the CBIC. Thus, for not convening of patients pre-and peri-lingual below the age of three years was adopted the following criteria: inadequate completion of the questionnaire, hearing loss is not compatible, unilateral hearing loss and anatomical impossibility. Compared to patients aged 3-9 years, exclusive, in addition to the aforementioned criteria was added to the rehabilitation inadequate and inappropriate language as criteria for not calling. For patients aged 9 years or more to the fact of not being rehabilitated by the auri-oral method was an independent criterion of failure to call besides those already mentioned above[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8].

Data obtained from the questionnaires were stored in a database created in Microsoft Office Excel 2003 software.

The variables included in the database and used for the analysis of all patients were: number of automatically generated in the patient record, access date, name, sex, age at registration, education, state or country of origin, use of equipment hearing, speech therapy, type of communication used by the patient, age at onset of deafness, duration of deafness, etiology, characteristic of the progression of hearing loss, individual background and language category of the patient.

Statistical analysis of the group of patients pre-and peri-lingual not invited was performed by an ENT doctor who did not attend the initial screening, when it was decided on the invitation or not the patients.

Data analysis

The inclusion of patients in the language category of pre-and peri-lingual was based on age at onset of deafness. Thus patients were considered those with pre-lingual onset of deafness ranging from 0-2 years and those with peri-lingual onset of deafness ranging from 2 to 4 years. The answers for questions 4, 5, 6 and 12 were used to establish the differentiation mode of communication between the patients: no communication, pounds, oral communication and global communication[8]. As the language reported by patients aged over three years was classified as suitable cases of patients with established communication method or predominantly aural / oral and inadequate in other types of communication ([Annex 1]).

The criterion anatomical impossibility, considering the cases of malformations and / or agenesis of the cochlea and auditory nerve with cochlear ossification and permeability missing according to data provided by patients in the area dedicated to the findings of examinations. The cases of mild and moderate hearing loss, conductive hearing loss and hearing loss unilateral hearing losses were characterized as not compatible.

Regarding the performance of voice rehabilitation was seen as inappropriate in cases where that was not being done to monitor speech, when this was being carried out unevenly and in situations where the patient reported having already made some kind of rehabilitation, but found to without treatment for several years. At this point, to obtain more detailed analysis of rehabilitation of the patient were also evaluated using a hearing aid, the type of communication used by the patient, duration of deafness and age at registration.

Results

Of 1158 patients who accessed the site during the period studied 34% represents the group of patients with pre-and peri-lingual deafness who were not summoned for evaluation.

The average age of patients pre-and peri-lingual at registration on the site was 23.6 years.

Only 1% of accesses were from patients with hearing loss are not compatible.

Epidemiological data regarding gender, place of origin, education level, aetiology, type of language and progression of hearing loss are shown in [Table 1].

Table 1. Epidemiological data of patients before and perilinguais not summoned

Gender	%
Male	51
Female	49
Place of origin	%
Greater Sao Paulo	24
Interior of Sao Paulo	13
Rio de Janeiro	11
Minas Gerais	10
Other states	42
Schooling	%
No	19
An incomplete degree	37
1st degree full	20
2nd incomplete grade	11
2nd degree completion	7
Incomplete higher	4
Complete top	2
Etiology	%
Unknown	42
Rubella	22
Meningitis	15
Ototoxicity	5
Anoxia and prematurity	5
Language category	%
Prelingual	95
Perilingua	l 5
Progression of hearing loss	%
Congenital	69
Sudden-related meningitis	13
Sudden unrelated to meningitis	10
Progressive	8

The distribution by age found that 54% of patients were over 17 years, 30% between 9 and 17 years, 15% between 3 and 9 years and 1% between 0 and 3 years. The duration of deafness was higher than 20 years in 50% of patients, between 10 and 20 years by 32% between 5 and 10 years in 9% and between 0 and 5 years in 9% ([Graphics 1] and [2]).

Graphic 1. Age.

Graphic 2. Years of deafness.

Over 80% of patients reported to be making or have made use of a hearing individual and 19% reported never having used. As for the performance of voice rehabilitation 58% of patients had already completed and 42% of patients never experienced any type of rehabilitation ([Graphics 3] and [4]).

Graphic 3. Use of a hearing individual.

Graphic 4. Rehabilitation speech pathologist.

The type of communication used by patients, according to the responses obtained in questions 4, 5, 6 and 12 of the questionnaire showed 49% with global communication, with 18% using POUNDS, 6% with oral communication, 26% with no media type and 1% no response ([Graphic 5]).

Graphic 5. Language.

Discussion

Also significant in this study was the importance, in terms of coverage, the use of an online medical questionnaire. Within the sample studied were site access, by completing the questionnaire, for patients from all Brazilian states, except Alagoas. There was also access to a patient living abroad. This shows that in any region of the country can access the site of the cochlear implant. Few cases of patients with hearing loss are not compatible that replied and this is, at least in part to the information available on the site in terms of types of hearing loss and the indications for cochlear implantation.

A considerable portion of patients completed the questionnaire (34%) constituted the group of patients with pre-and peri-lingual deafness without minimum criteria for the call.

The average age of patients with pre-and peri-lingual deafness of 23.6 years demonstrates the predominance of an adult population of this group that sought an IC service. What reflects the difficulty encountered by the country's population, for early access to specialized centers for treatment and rehabilitation of patients with hearing loss and also the unknown of this method of rehabilitation for much of the Brazilian population and health professionals[4]. Only 1% of patients in this group were aged between 0 and 3 years and it is within this age group who are the patients pre-and peri-lingual with greater potential benefit with CI[2] [7].

Dettmann et al. (2004) found that the main factors that lead to better results with the cochlear implant would be: the lowest age at implantation, shorter duration of hearing loss, greater pre-implant residual hearing, use of current technology in speech processing and communication mode approach emphasizing the aural / oral[9].

Kirk (2000) considers that the group of adolescents with hearing loss pre-and peri-lingual is the most difficult group to determine if the cochlear implant is not indicated or from the standpoint of audiological and adults with pre-lingual hearing loss are not good candidates for IC, especially if they were not properly rehabilitated for an oral communication[10]. And it was precisely the group of patients pre-and peri-lingual over 17 years in the most representative number of patients in this study.

Criteria for selection of patients and refusal to perform a cochlear implant are constantly changing as the research proceeds[11] [12]. Any patient with severe hearing loss and / or deep it will not benefit from the use of hearing aids and not have medical or psychological contraindications for using the device may be a potential candidate for the IC[3] [7] [11]. However the group of cochlear implant depends upon a team of doctors, audiologists, psychologists and social workers trained, specialized equipment and physical space for consultations, examinations and pre and post surgery and has a limited number of operating rooms suitable for the installation of the device at the institution where implants are performed. Thus we sought to establish the criteria for selection or rejection of patients for the first consultation, an efficient way to determine which patients are candidates with potential to be benefited by IC and prevent the convening of the cases in which the content analysis of the questionnaire clearly shows little or no chance of benefit from CI.

Criteria for selection of candidates for the IC varies according to each service may be limited to a pre-established age or be more extensive as this group of cochlear implant that has the minimum age for the procedure and 6 months as the largest maximum possible age where there are potential benefits with the use of the device[2] [3] [4] [11].

In 2001 the Group of Latin American Research on Cochlear Implant summarized the following selection criteria for adolescents and adults pre and peri-lingual[5]:

• Profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss with limited use of hearing aids: hearing aids with thresholds equal to or greater than 65 dB HL;

• Limited test scores in speech perception in closed sets;

• Rehabilitation prior to recovery of waste with auditory development and mastery of oral communication skills and consistent use of hearing aids;

• No contraindication psychological, medical or duration.

Of the patients studied pre-and peri-lingual, there is a prevalence of 54% of patients aged above 17 years followed by 30% in the range between 9 and 17 years together has been shown that 42% of patients in this group did not perform any kind of effective speech rehabilitation, 49% of these patients had a pattern of global communication and 50% of patients had a duration of deafness over 20 years. This scenario contributed to the choice of the failure to call these patients and occurs due to the lack of centers rehabilitation in places of origin of patients and the difficulties of early access to a specialized rehabilitation and treatment of patients with hearing loss.

Among the patients' responses to question 2 of the questionnaire, an item b on the reasons for which they were not rehabilitated properly or did not perform any kind of rehabilitation were cited: the lack of resources, lack of information and lack of rehabilitation services speech near the places of origin. In contrast to the data that reflects the inadequate rehabilitation indicating that 81% of patients were doing or have already made use of HA shows that access to this type of device is already happening in most of the country, while those responsible for deploying improvements of the National Policy for Health Care Hearing the spread of diagnostic centers and hearing rehabilitation throughout the country.

Among the causes of deafness reported, the fact that 42% of patients knowing the reason for the hearing loss again reflect the difficulty to receive adequate treatment and guidance ENT. This finding is in agreement with the literature on unknown causes and raises questions about the genetic causes that are responsible for a proportion of cases of deafness which no clear etiology can be better conducted through the appropriate genetic counseling family.

Among the known causes, the finding that rubella followed by meningitis were the most frequently reported etiologies, points to the high incidence that these two diseases still present in the population with some type of hearing loss. Which raises the question about the policies adopted in the country for the prevention of infectious diseases. Important to note that one of the goals of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and World Health Organization (WHO) established in 2003 proposed the elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in the Americas by 2010. In 2008, Brazil held a campaign of vaccination against rubella, this time including women and susceptible groups remaining, according to the 27th Pan American Sanitary Conference held in October 2007 in Washington, DC, USA.

Conclusion

The analysis of the questionnaire responses of the cochlear implant site allowed the following conclusions:

• The site proved to be a comprehensive help by providing access to a cochlear implant service for the Brazilian population;

• Most patients who sought the service specializing in cochlear implant patients is formed by pre-and peri tongue that do not have minimum criteria for appointment;

• In patients pre-and peri-lingual older age associated with deafness time high, so mostly no oral communication and lack of appropriate speech rehabilitation were instrumental in not convening.

• The questionnaire proved to be an applicable screening method for patients seeking a cochlear implant service.

• Bibliographical References

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