Forehead Inclination in the Lateral Profile in Koreans

The forehead is the part of the face extending from the line of the hair border to the temples and the eyebrows [[1]]. It occupies one third of the upper part of the face and plays an important role in facial expressions. The outcome of forehead reconstruction surgery is a significant contributing factor to facial expressions and the quality of life in patients with excavation of the forehead due to an injury or a congenital deformity.

The present study aimed to establish the average value of forehead inclination in the modern Korean population, according to sex and age, as a reference for deciding the scope of surgery affecting the contour of the forehead and for evaluating the outcomes of plastic and reconstructive surgery.

We selected 200 Koreans, comprising 100 men and 100 women, ranging in age from 20 years, when craniofacial growth is completed, to 50 years. Patients in whom the border line between the hairline and the forehead was behind the vertex were excluded.

The reference point for measuring inclination was based on the report of Andrews [[2]]. The trichion is the point where the center line of the forehead meets the hairline and the uppermost extent of the relatively flat parts of the forehead. The glabella is the lowest part of the forehead and is the point exhibiting the most protrusion between both eyebrows [[2] [3]].

Inclination was measured using a goniometer with the face placed on the Frankfurt horizontal line. The Frankfurt horizontal line is an extension of the imaginary line between the tragus at the height of the external auditory meatus and the lower orbital bone, which is the continuation of the lower lid into the face [[4]]. When measuring the lateral contour of the forehead, the inclination was measured as the angle between the line from the trichion to the glabella and the line perpendicular to the Frankfurt horizontal line. The line perpendicular to the Frankfurt horizontal line was defined as 0°. Protrusion anterior to the line was considered positive inclination, whereas protrusion posterior to the line was considered negative inclination ([Figs. 1]).

Fig. 1 (A) Schematic illustration of forehead landmarks and the Frankfurt horizontal line. (B, C) Measurements of forehead inclination in the lateral profile in Koreans. (B) Men. (C) Women.

The mean values and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for men and women. Comparisons of the forehead inclination by gender were made using the independent t-test. Comparisons of forehead inclination according to age groups after stratification by gender were calculated using analysis of variance. All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS ver. 21.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). The statistical significance level was set at P<0.05.

The mean values (95% CI) of forehead inclination were -15.90° (-16.81° to -14.92°) for men and -12.47° (-13.34° to -11.63°) for women ([Fig. 1B, C]). Forehead inclination was found to differ significantly according to gender (P<0.001) ([Table 1]).

Table 1 Forehead inclination values in the lateral profile in Koreans (n=200)

	Mean	95% Confidence interval	P-valuea)
a)Calculated using the t-test.
Male (n = 100)	-15.90	(-16.81 to -14.92)	< 0.001
Female (n = 100)	-12.47	(-13.34 to -11.63)

In addition, the mean values (95% CI) of forehead inclination values by age group in men were -13.01° (-14.98° to -11.12°), -15.10° (-16.69° to -13.54°), -18.50° (-20.02° to -16.82°), and -17.00° (-18.63° to -15.41°) for participants in their twenties, thirties, forties, and fifties, respectively. For women, the corresponding mean values (95% CI) were -11.02° (-12.95° to -9.22°), -11.51° (-13.14° to -9.74°), -13.00° (-14.50° to -11.51°), and -14.38° (-15.87° to -12.72°) for participants in their twenties, thirties, forties, and fifties, respectively ([Table 2]). Forehead inclination according to age group after stratification by gender showed a significant difference both in men (P<0.001) and women (P=0.026).

Table 2 Forehead inclination values in the lateral profile in Koreans according to age and gender

	Mean	95% Confidence interval	P-valuea)
a)Calculated by analysis of variance.
Males			< 0.001
Twenties	-13.01	(-14.98 to -11.12)
Thirties	-15.10	(-16.69 to -13.54)
Forties	-18.50	(-20.02 to -16.82)
Fifties	-17.00	(-18.63 to -15.41)
Females			0.026
Twenties	-11.02	(-12.95 to -9.22)
Thirties	-11.51	(-13.14 to -9.74)
Forties	-13.00	(-14.50 to -11.51)
Fifties	-14.38	(-15.87 to -12.72)

Previous studies were published on forehead inclination in Koreans by Lee et al. [[4]] in 1989 and Hwang et al. [[3]] in 2002. Lee's photogrammetric analysis was limited to a study of young women [[4]], while our research analyzed both men and women of different age groups using direct anthropometric measurements. Hwang's cephalometric analysis defined the forehead angle (FHA) as the angle between the nasion perpendicular line (NP) and the line connecting the intersection of the NP with the forehead and the soft tissue of the glabella [[3]]. However, the FHA has limitations as a metric for analyzing the slope of the forehead because it is highly affected by the shape of the nasal bone. Our method was different from Hwang's in that we measured the angle between the line extending from the trichion to the glabella and the line perpendicular to the Frankfurt horizontal line using lateral-view photographs.

Farkas et al. [[5]] observed that the average forehead inclination in Caucasians was -5.5° using portraits from the past. Our research showed that the average forehead inclination in Korean men was -15.9° and -12.47° for women, indicating forehead inclination in the posterior direction. In 2008, Andrews [[2]] measured forehead inclinations in adult Caucasian women using the superion, not the trichion, as the reference point. Comparing our findings with Andrews' research is difficult since his research did not take into account several standard points and the Frankfurt horizontal line.

We obtained the mean values of forehead inclination for various age groups and observed that older people had more posteriorly inclined foreheads than younger people. Both men and women exhibited the largest difference between their thirties and forties. We hypothesize that the resorption of bone or soft tissue is one of the reasons that forehead inclination was found to become more posterior with age.

With changes in beauty standards over time, trends in the facial contour, which is the frame that defines facial expressions, have likewise changed. However, few studies have been conducted regarding the appearance of Koreans in the lateral view. Our results can be used as a reference point for deciding the scope of surgery and to evaluate the outcomes of forehead reconstructions and plastic surgery in Koreans.

Our method, which involved measuring the degree of inclination either anteriorly or posteriorly to the line between the trichion and the glabella, is limited regarding the expressions of the fine contours of the forehead, which involve curves. This suggests that additional studies are needed, with consideration of the maximum points of protrusion and excavation and the curved pattern of the forehead. Moreover, further evaluation of the correlation between forehead height and inclination is required.

In conclusion, our study analyzing forehead contours will prove helpful to plastic surgeons by providing reference values of forehead inclination in Koreans.

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

• References

• 1 Stedman TL. Stedman's medical dictionary. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006
• 2 Andrews WA. AP relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead in adult white females. Angle Orthod 2008; 78: 662-669
• 3 Hwang HS, Kim WS, McNamara Jr JA. Ethnic differences in the soft tissue profile of Korean and European-American adults with normal occlusions and well-balanced faces. Angle Orthod 2002; 72: 72-80
• 4 Lee D, Kim W, Chung C. et al. Photogrammetric study on the face of adult Korean female. J Korean Soc Plast Reconstr Surg 1989; 16: 423-432
• 5 Farkas LG, Sohm P, Kolar JC. et al. Inclinations of the facial profile: art versus reality. Plast Reconstr Surg 1985; 75: 509-519

Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 10. Juni 2015

Angenommen: 07. Februar 2016

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
20. April 2022