Keywords
Prophylactic surgical procedures - Breast neoplasms - Mastectomy
INTRODUCTION
In Western societies, public awareness of prophylactic mastectomy increased after
Angelina Jolie, a famous actress, underwent prophylactic mastectomy. Prophylactic
mastectomy is performed in the United States and Scandinavian countries more commonly
than in Asian countries, and it is becoming an increasingly common procedure. However,
prophylactic mastectomy is rarely performed in Korea, and information about prophylactic
mastectomy is so limited that few breast cancer patients have a good understanding
of it.
Breast cancer is a relatively common condition in developed countries. It is the most
common type of cancer in the United States and the second most common type of cancer,
after thyroid cancer, among all types of cancer that can occur among women in Korea.
According to the Central Cancer Registry of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, cases
of breast cancer accounted for 15.4% of all cancer cases in women in 2010 [[1]]. The incidence of breast cancer is increasing, and data from the projects registered
by the Korean Breast Cancer Society show a total of approximately 17,000 breast cancer
patients in 2010. Cases of hereditary breast cancer have been reported to account
for approximately 5%–10% of all breast cancer cases, and it has been estimated that
approximately 1,000 cases of hereditary breast cancer occur annually in Korea [[2]]. Hereditary breast cancer is notable because the preventive intervention of genetic
testing can reduce the risk of both breast cancer and ovarian cancer [[3]
[4]].
Recent studies of genetic mutations that lead to hereditary breast cancer, including
the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, have led to an increasing number of studies on prophylactic mastectomy that
have been reported in the mass media. As a result, women have become interested in
genetic testing for hereditary breast cancer to determine the likelihood of breast
cancer and in screening tests for those with a high risk of breast cancer. On the
basis of the results of testing, women with a high risk of breast cancer can reduce
their breast cancer morbidity by undergoing prophylactic mastectomy [[5]]. However, other methods of treatment may be superior to prophylactic mastectomy
in some cases. For example, young women with no experience of breastfeeding may require
other preventive methods, such as simple radiography on a regular basis, instead of
prophylactic mastectomy [[6]].
As stated above, breast cancer is typically a condition of developed countries, common
among women, and is increasing in incidence annually. Cases of hereditary breast cancer
account for as many as 5%–10% of all cases of breast cancer, and a screening test
that involves genetic testing can identify patients with a high risk of breast cancer.
Since high-risk patients can reduce morbidity by undergoing prophylactic mastectomy,
it is important to provide correct information about prophylactic mastectomy as well
as genetic testing for hereditary breast cancer. Neither prophylactic mastectomy nor
genetic testing for hereditary breast cancer is commonly performed in Korea, and limited
information is available about these options for high-risk patients. Furthermore,
no studies have assessed levels of knowledge and awareness of prophylactic mastectomy
among Koreans. We therefore conducted a prospective survey evaluating awareness, knowledge,
and attitudes regarding prophylactic mastectomy and hereditary breast cancer among
Korean women.
METHODS
Subjects and research plan
This prospective study was conducted on a cohort of patients and their relatives visiting
the outpatient clinics of general surgery departments from October to December 2013.
Before conducting the survey, consent was obtained from each subject. The questionnaire
was composed of 20 items: nine concerning general knowledge of prophylactic mastectomy,
six concerning attitudes toward prophylactic mastectomy, and five concerning the general
characteristics of the respondents.
Sample size estimation
It was found that a minimum of 48 responses were necessary, using the equation
to calculate the sample size, with a significance level of 0.05, a standard deviation
of 7.00 on the basis of a literature review, and an allowable error of 2.00 [[7]]. Here, zα/2 is the value for the point with 100(α/2)% in a standard normal distribution curve
with a mean of 0 and variance of 1, σ is the value for the standard deviation, and
d is the value for allowable error. However, the actual necessary sample size was estimated
to be at least 58, taking into account a 20% drop rate caused by a combination of
unreturned questionnaires and inappropriate responses. Of the 145 questionnaires that
were distributed, 116 (approximately 80%) were returned. The data from a total of
115 questionnaires were finally analyzed, with the exception of one questionnaire
with missing items and inappropriate responses.
RESULTS
General characteristics of respondents
A total of 115 respondents were included in the study, of whom 50 were men and 65
were women. Ninety-two respondents (82%) were 30–59 years of age. The most frequent
level of education was college graduation (63%), followed by high school, middle school,
and elementary school graduation. The most frequent type of profession was clerical
work (46 respondents; 40%), followed by professional work (31 respondents; 27%), housework,
day labor, and others ([Table 1]).
Table 1
General characteristics of respondents
|
Characteristic
|
|
Sex
|
|
|
Male
|
Female
|
Total (%)
|
|
Age (yr)
|
|
|
|
|
20-29
|
13
|
6
|
19 (17)
|
|
30-39
|
17
|
19
|
36 (31)
|
|
40-49
|
9
|
24
|
33 (29)
|
|
50-59
|
9
|
14
|
23 (20)
|
|
≥ 60
|
2
|
2
|
4 (3)
|
|
Total
|
50
|
65
|
115
|
|
Education
|
|
|
|
|
None
|
0
|
2
|
2 (2)
|
|
Elementary school
|
1
|
5
|
6 (5)
|
|
Middle school
|
3
|
9
|
12 (10)
|
|
High school
|
12
|
11
|
23 (20)
|
|
University or higher
|
34
|
38
|
72 (63)
|
|
Total
|
50
|
65
|
115
|
Knowledge of prophylactic mastectomy
Most respondents had never heard of prophylactic mastectomy or had heard about it
once (86%), and only seven respondents had a detailed knowledge of prophylactic mastectomy.
The participants had a generally similar level of knowledge of its effectiveness and
complications: 96 respondents (83%) and 112 respondents (97%) had never or just once
heard about the effectiveness and complications of prophylactic mastectomy, respectively,
demonstrating that neither the effectiveness nor the complications of prophylactic
mastectomy are widely known. In contrast, 31 respondents (27%) had a basic knowledge
of hereditary breast cancer and eight (7%) had a detailed knowledge, resulting in
a total of 39 respondents (34%) who had some degree of knowledge of hereditary breast
cancer ([Table 2]).
Table 2
Respondents' general knowledge of prophylactic mastectomy
|
Survey topics
|
Never heard of it
|
Heard about it once
|
Basic knowledge
|
Detailed knowledge
|
Total
|
|
Prophylactic mastectomy
|
47
|
52
|
9
|
7
|
115
|
|
Hereditary breast cancer
|
33
|
43
|
31
|
8
|
115
|
|
Effectiveness of prophylactic mastectomy
|
51
|
45
|
19
|
0
|
115
|
|
Complications of prophylactic mastectomy
|
58
|
44
|
13
|
0
|
115
|
Attitudes toward prophylactic mastectomy
Sixty-one participants (53%) responded positively regarding their willingness to consider
genetic testing (e.g., BRCA1 or BRCA2) and 11 respondents (9%) stated that they would be sure to receive genetic counseling.
Seventy-two respondents (62%) had a positive attitude toward genetic testing.
Sixty-two participants (54%) responded negatively regarding their willingness to consider
prophylactic mastectomy, and 16 (14%) responded that they would never choose to undergo
prophylactic mastectomy even if they were at a high risk of breast cancer. Seventy-eight
respondents (68%) responded negatively regarding their willingness to consider prophylactic
mastectomy even if they were at a high risk of breast cancer. If prophylactic mastectomy
was expensive, costing ten million won or more, 72 participants (63%) responded negatively
regarding their willingness to consider it, and 29 participants (25%) stated that
they would never be willing to undergo prophylactic mastectomy. Thus, a total of 101
respondents (88%) gave a negative answer to these items, showing that a more negative
attitude was associated with the possibility that prophylactic mastectomy would involve
a significant financial burden.
Forty-four participants (38%) responded positively regarding their willingness to
consider contralateral prophylactic mastectomy if it was already necessary to perform
a single mastectomy, and one participant (1%) stated that they would be sure to receive
a contralateral mastectomy. A total of 45 respondents (39%) showed a positive attitude
toward contralateral prophylactic mastectomy, whereas 37 respondents (32%) stated
that they were willing to undergo prophylactic mastectomy if they had a high risk
of breast cancer.
A total of 45 respondents (39%) reported a positive response regarding their willingness
to consider breast reconstruction after prophylactic mastectomy, and 46 (40%) stated
that they would be were sure to undergo breast reconstruction. Thus, a total of 91
respondents (79%) demonstrated a positive attitude toward breast reconstruction after
prophylactic mastectomy ([Table 3]).
Table 3
Respondents' attitudes toward prophylactic mastectomy
|
Survey topics
|
Would never undergo
|
Negative attitude (unlikely to consider)
|
Positive attitude (likely to consider)
|
Would be sure to undergo
|
Total
|
|
Genetic test (e.g., BRCA1/2)
|
4
|
39
|
61
|
11
|
115
|
|
Prophylactic mastectomy given high risk of breast cancer
|
16
|
62
|
31
|
6
|
115
|
|
Expensive prophylactic mastectomy, costing 10 million won or more
|
29
|
72
|
11
|
3
|
115
|
|
Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy when undergoing a single mastectomy
|
23
|
47
|
44
|
1
|
115
|
|
Breast reconstruction after receiving prophylactic mastectomy
|
9
|
15
|
45
|
46
|
115
|
Attitudes toward genetic testing varied according to education level: 69 of 95 high
school and college graduates (73%) showed a positive attitude toward genetic testing,
whereas 15 of 18 elementary and middle school graduates (83%) showed a negative attitude
toward it ([Table 4]).
Table 4
Effects of education level on the preventive treatment of breast cancer
|
Education level
|
Genetic testing (e.g., BRCA1/2)
|
|
Would never undergo
|
Negative attitude (unlikely to consider)
|
Positive attitude (likely to consider)
|
Would be sure to undergo
|
Total
|
|
Elementary school
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
6
|
|
Middle school
|
0
|
10
|
2
|
0
|
12
|
|
High school
|
0
|
9
|
14
|
0
|
23
|
|
College
|
0
|
17
|
44
|
11
|
72
|
|
Others
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
|
Total
|
4
|
39
|
61
|
11
|
115
|
Attitudes toward prophylactic mastectomy given a high risk of breast cancer also varied
by education level: 35 of 95 high school and college graduates (37%) showed a positive
attitude toward prophylactic mastectomy, whereas 17 of 18 elementary and middle school
graduates (94%) showed a negative attitude toward it ([Table 5]).
Table 5
Effects of education level on the preventive treatment of breast cancer
|
Education
|
Prophylactic mastectomy given high risk of breast cancer
|
|
Would never undergo
|
Negative attitude (unlikely to consider)
|
Positive attitude (likely to consider)
|
Would be sure to undergo
|
Total
|
|
Elementary school
|
4
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
6
|
|
Middle school
|
7
|
4
|
0
|
1
|
12
|
|
High school
|
5
|
8
|
9
|
1
|
23
|
|
College
|
0
|
47
|
21
|
4
|
72
|
|
Others
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
2
|
|
Total
|
16
|
62
|
31
|
6
|
115
|
Attitudes toward prophylactic mastectomy varied according to marital status. One of
34 unmarried female respondents (3%) showed a positive attitude toward prophylactic
mastectomy, compared to 16 of 31 married female respondents (51%) ([Table 6]).
Table 6
Effects of marital status among women on the preventive treatment of breast cancer
|
Marital status
|
Prophylactic mastectomy given a high risk of breast cancer
|
|
Would never undergo
|
Negative attitude (unlikely to consider)
|
Positive attitude (likely to consider)
|
Would be sure to undergo
|
Total
|
|
Unmarried
|
5
|
28
|
1
|
0
|
34
|
|
Married
|
1
|
14
|
15
|
1
|
31
|
|
Total
|
6
|
42
|
16
|
1
|
65
|
The most common reason for refusing to undergo prophylactic mastectomy, even given
a high risk of breast cancer, was aesthetic concerns (44 respondents; 38%), followed
by the surgical risk, the perception that prophylactic mastectomy would provide incomplete
prevention, and the expense of the procedure ([Fig. 1]).
Fig. 1 Reasons for refusing to undergo prophylactic mastectomy
The most common reason for refusing to undergo prophylactic mastectomy despite a high
risk of breast cancer was aesthetic concerns (44 persons; 38%), followed by the surgical
risk, the perception that prophylactic mastectomy leads to incomplete prevention,
and the expense of the procedure.
Most respondents had obtained their information via the mass media, followed by magazines
or books, and materials provided by the hospital ([Fig. 2]).
Fig. 2 Ways of obtaining knowledge
Most respondents obtained information via the mass media, followed by magazines or
books and hospital materials.
DISCUSSION
Although prophylactic mastectomy is an irreversible operation, it is an aggressive
method capable of reducing the risk of breast cancer by up to 89.5% [[4]]. Breast reconstruction generally accompanies prophylactic mastectomy, which may
involve skin-sparing mastectomy or nipple-areolar complex-sparing mastectomy. Breast
reconstruction is often performed immediately after skin-sparing mastectomy because
it has been reported to be aesthetically effective and to result in a lower risk of
local recurrence.
Prophylactic mastectomy is also effective in preventing breast cancer in patients
with either the BRCA1 or the BRCA2 mutation. In Korea, the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations account for approximately 2.5%–3.1% of patients with nonhereditary specific
breast cancer (average, 2.6%). If a person has a family history of breast and/or ovarian
cancer, the incidence of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation depends on the details of the family history. The BRCA mutations account for approximately 19.4%–22.1% of hereditary breast and/or ovarian
cancer in patients with one family members with a history of breast and/or ovarian
cancer. However, in cases where more than two family members have had breast and/or
ovarian cancer, the likelihood of a BRCA mutation increases to 19.4%–42.9%. In Korea, some notable clinical features of breast
cancer are that patients are affected when they are 10–15 years younger than comparable
patients in the West, and the proportion of patients younger than 35 years old is
higher [[8]
[9]].
The survival rate of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers after prophylactic mastectomy depends on the occurrence of breast
cancer, its stage, the infiltration rate of the BRCA genes, and age of the carriers at the time of preventive surgery. The survival rate
of normal carriers has reportedly been increased by up to 7.6 years when both prophylactic
mastectomy and oophorectomy are performed when patients are in their thirties [[9]
[10]]. The use of prophylactic mastectomy varies globally by country as well as from
study to study, and prophylactic mastectomy has reportedly been performed on 0%–54%
of carriers [[11]]. The first case of prophylactic mastectomy in Korea was a contralateral prophylactic
mastectomy performed along with oophorectomy in 2008 [[12]]. However, prophylactic mastectomy is not routinely performed in Korea [[13]].
The results of this study demonstrated that most respondents have no basic knowledge
of prophylactic mastectomy or its effectiveness and complications. Fifteen years have
passed since the discovery of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, and many studies have been performed in Western countries to assess the
frequency of these mutations and to identify the gene regulator implicated in cancer
caused by these mutations [[14]]. On the basis of such studies, models for predicting the likelihood of genetic
mutations before testing have been developed, such as the Myriad and BRCAPRO models
[[15]]. Accordingly, Western societies, including the United States, are becoming more
knowledgeable and aware of genetic testing and prophylactic mastectomy. It is therefore
necessary to conduct further research, such as the recent Korean Hereditary Breast
Cancer study, in order to provide prevention and treatment to Koreans with a high
risk of breast cancer.
In this study, most respondents reported a positive attitude toward genetic testing.
However, they still tended to have a negative attitude toward prophylactic mastectomy.
Although prophylactic mastectomy is an effective therapeutic method for patients with
a high risk of breast cancer, Koreans still seem to have a negative attitude toward
prophylactic mastectomy. This phenomenon is likely due to poor knowledge of the effectiveness
of and indications for prophylactic mastectomy.
In contrast, a total of 45 participants (39%) gave positive answers about undergoing
contralateral prophylactic mastectomy along with a single mastectomy, with 44 respondents
(38%) indicating that they would consider it. This result is more positive than the
results for undergoing prophylactic mastectomy with a high risk of breast cancer.
In Korea, it is in practice difficult to check the results of genetic testing preoperatively.
In Western societies, medical guidelines have suggested administering preoperative
anticancer therapy to patients diagnosed with breast cancer who require genetic testing,
and then presenting the results of genetic testing at the time of surgery so that
preventive surgery can also be performed if desired [[16]]. Therefore, it would also be possible to consider contralateral prophylactic mastectomy
in the patients diagnosed with breast cancer if adequate program of genetic testing
is established in Korea and if appropriate medical guidelines are adopted.
A total of 91 participants (79%) gave positive answers regarding undergoing breast
reconstruction following prophylactic mastectomy, with 45 respondents (39%) indicating
that they would consider it. The most common reason for refusing to undergo prophylactic
mastectomy even if a high risk of breast cancer was found, was aesthetic concerns
(44 respondents; 38%). This result demonstrates that Koreans are concerned with the
aesthetic consequences of prophylactic mastectomy and suggests that they need an improved
understanding of the effectiveness and complications of breast reconstruction. In
addition, prophylactic mastectomy can place a financial burden on patients because
it is not covered by the Korean health insurance system. Additional efforts should
be made to solve this problem.
Out of 95 high school and college graduates, 69 respondents (73%) showed a positive
attitude toward genetic testing, whereas only three of the 18 (17%) elementary and
middle school graduates showed a positive attitude toward it. Of the 95 high school
and college graduates, 35 respondents (37%) showed a positive attitude toward prophylactic
mastectomy if they were found to have a high risk of breast cancer, whereas 17 of
18 (94%) elementary and middle school graduates showed a negative attitude toward
it. These results indicate that attitudes toward both genetic testing and prophylactic
mastectomy varied according education level. It is therefore necessary to provide
information and education both through mass media and at hospitals, with the goal
of preventing educational inequities in healthcare distribution.
Attitudes toward prophylactic mastectomy varied according to marital status: one of
34 unmarried female respondents (3%) showed a positive attitude toward prophylactic
mastectomy, compared to 16 of 31 (51%) married female respondents. This result implies
that attitudes toward this procedure depend both on aesthetic concerns before marriage
and breastfeeding after marriage. Therefore, in hospitals, full consideration of patients'
marital status and family relationships is necessary.
In this study, most respondents were found to have a low level of knowledge about
prophylactic mastectomy. We found that 99 respondents (86%) had no basic knowledge
about prophylactic mastectomy. Only 37 respondents (32%) were willing to undergo prophylactic
mastectomy if they were found to have a high risk of breast cancer. Patients at a
high risk of breast cancer have the basic indication for prophylactic mastectomy,
although the decision may depend on personal conditions. Taking this into account,
active research into and the development of educational materials concerning prophylactic
mastectomy and hereditary breast cancer are necessary. Ultimately, it will be necessary
to establish medical guidelines for patients at a high risk of breast cancer, with
the objective of providing accurate information and proper treatment at hospitals.
This study had some limitations. The results would have been more statistically significant
with a larger sample size. In addition, no information was gathered regarding each
respondent's underlying diseases and genetic background. Future studies are likely
to obtain more significant results with a larger sample size and the addition of other
items to the questionnaire.
This is the first study to investigate perceptions of prophylactic mastectomy in Korea.
Currently, attitudes toward medical treatment are being influenced by Western values,
and people are becoming increasingly informed about medical issues. This study can
therefore be considered valuable data that can inform the development of treatment
strategies for patients with a high risk of breast cancer.
