Though there are no available statistics, about 5,000 cosmetic jaw operations seem
to be performed yearly in South Korea [[1]]. The frequency of jaw surgery is increasing in South Korea and in the United States.
Recently, serious complications, including mortality, have been reported in the mass
media.
An editorial of a Korean daily newspaper insisted that the Korean Medical Association
and the authorities have a certification system, which includes regulation that hospitals
and clinics, with expertise and proficiency only, can perform jaw surgery and regulate
unwarranted advertisement for surgery.
In the literature, 32% to 52% of the patients who underwent jaw surgery had sensory
disturbances and 17% had respiratory disturbances [[2]
[3]]. No cases of mortality have been reported in any scientific papers; however, articles
on cases of mortality due to jaw surgery have been found in several newspapers (Appendix
1).
We searched for mortality cases after jaw surgery via an internet search. The search
keywords were: orthognathic, maxillofacial, jaw, surgery, die, death, and mortality.
Among 5,000 cases, there were 20 cases (0.4%) of serious complications after jaw surgery.
We found 17 cases of mortality and 3 cases of patients in a vegetative state after
jaw surgery. Among the 20 cases of serious complications, 15 (75%) were caused by
airway obstruction, followed by 3 (15%) caused by bleeding, 1 (5%) caused by hypotension,
and 1 of unknown cause ([Tables 1], [2]).
Table 1 The mortality cases in the mass media
Table 2 Causes of death following jaw surgeries
Respiratory insufficiency after jaw surgery is due to airway obstruction that results
from edema of the respiratory tract. Because the upper jaw and lower jaw are fixed
by intermaxillary fixation after jaw surgery, the patients cannot expectorate sputum
easily. Jaw surgery for prognathia has a risk of negative pressure pulmonary edema
because it makes a patient's upper airway space narrower by moving the lower jaw backwards.
Bleeding and swelling in the oral cavity also make the airway space narrower. In addition,
oozing from the wound sometimes irritates the patient's larynx and might initiate
laryngospasm [[4]
[5]].
In order to maintain a patent airway, the following standards should be met: 1) Pulse
oximeter is essential. Oxygen saturation decreases 1 minute after airway obstruction.
Therefore, immediate treatment is needed when a decrease in oxygen saturation is observed.
2) Capnography, the monitoring of the concentration or partial pressure of carbon
dioxide (CO2) in the respiratory gases, may be very effective. It is direct monitoring of the
exhaled concentration of CO2. A sudden drop in the CO2 level during the postoperative period can be detected. 3) Fully equipped and readily
available suction, epinephrine spray, intubation, and tracheostomy sets should be
prepared at the bedside. A mildly humid atmosphere should be kept. 4) Surgeons or
anesthesiologists should be present at all times.
In a hypoxic state, the following standards should be met: 1) Check whether the patient
is breathing well or not. 2) Encourage deep breathing. 3) Give oxygen at 3 to 5 L
per minutes via a mask. 4) If oxygen saturation drops below 80%, insert a nasal airway.
5) If cyanosis or tachycardia appears, remove the intermaxillary fixation and perform
intubation. 6) If intubation fails or bradycardia appears, carry out tracheostomy
immediately.
Appendix 1
