Keywords:
Coronavirus infections - Liver - Biliary tract neoplasms.
Descritores:
Melanoma - Terapia de modalidade combinada - Sistemas de saúde - Sistema único de
saúde - Metástase neoplásica.
INTRODUCTION
COVID-19 infection is caused by the novel coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), that was first reported in Hubei, Wuhan province
of China, in December 2019.[[1]] This illness is rapidly spreading throughout the world and the World Health Organization
(WHO) declared COVID-19 as global pandemic on March 11, 2020. The first confirmed
case in Brazil was on February 26, 2020 and so far there are 19,638 cases and 1,056
deaths (5,4 % of lethality).[
[2]
] As testing for COVID-19 for the asymptomatic population has not been possible so
far, there is chance that under notification is a fact and lethality overestimated.
According to National Institute of Cancer of Brazil (INCA), 685,960 new cases of cancer
are expected in 2020.[
[3]
] Patients with cancer are immunocompromised and therefore more vulnerable to infection
for COVID-19 in theory, which can often end in fatality. The vulnerability of patients
with cancer was evident by the high risk of mortality during the previous Middle East
respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreaks.[
[4]
]
These outbreaks pose a greater threat to patients with cancer in terms of morbidity
and mortality, as well as for the healthcare system professionals. To expose a cancer
patient to a multimodal treatment or surgery, specifically, may be a potential threat
under the circumstances of COVID-19 epidemic, therefore recommendations are necessary
regarding who could wait. But another potentially harmful situation is the postponement
of surgery in cancer patients, not only for common sense, but otherwise due to temporary
adaptations in cancer hospitals logistics upon the shortage of intensive care unit
(ICU) beds and resources.
Numerous organizations (SSO, NCCN, ESSO, and ASCO) are publishing guidelines and recommendations
for the best treatment of this population in order to reduce the exposure of the patient
and the assistant team without compromising the cancer prognosis.
The purpose of this editorial/letter is to provide specialist based recommendations
for the treatment of hepatobiliary tumors during the pandemic period. We understand
that it is a very heterogeneous group of tumors and patients, so each case must be
individualized with the multidisciplinary team.
CONSIDERATIONS
Colorectal liver metastases (CRLM):
-
The mean tumor volume doubling time (TVDT) for metastases vary 86-155 days.[
[5]
]
-
Surgery is the best treatment for colorectal liver metastases.[
[6]
]
-
Radiofrequency (RFA) and microwave ablation are superior than chemotherapy alone for
CRLM treatment.[
[7]
]
-
RFA show a significantly lower rate of complications and length of hospital than surgery.[
[8]
]
-
There is no difference between disease-free survival in patients undergoing neoadjuvant
chemotherapy and those who undergoing upfront surgery for resectable CRLM. Upfront
surgery should not be proposed to patients at high risk of postoperative complications
or those requiring complex hepatectomies.[
[9]
]
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC):
-
The median TVDT for HCC in patients with chronic liver disease is 85.7 days (11-851.2
days).[
[10]
]
-
There was no difference in overall survival, treatment-related complication or recurrence-free
survival at 3 years between RFA or surgical resection for HCC Barcelona-clinic liver
cancer (BCLC) A.[
[11]
]
-
Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is commonly used as a bridging therapy prior
to liver transplantation (LT).[
[12]
] The role of TACE in the neoadjuvant setting prior to resection remains unclear and
is not routinely recommended.
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA):
-
The median TVDT for iCCA is 70 days (14.5-512.9 days).[
[13]
]
-
High-powered microwave ablation (MWSA) seems to be a good option for treatment in
small iCCA nodules (up to 4cm), even better than RFA.[
[14]
]
Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (hCCA):
-
Surgery is the best treatment for resectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma.[
[15]
]
-
Percutaneous biliary drainage in selected patients are recommended to reduce the risk
of operative complications.[
[16]
]
-
Portal vein embolization (PVE) should be considered preoperatively for patients in
whom the functional liver remnant (FLR) is estimated to be less than 20-30% of the
total liver volume after major liver resection.[
[17]
[18]
]
-
Brazilian law does not allow transplantation LT for hCCA.
Gallbladder cancer:
-
It's a very aggressive tumor and the only chance for a complete cure is by surgical
resection; however, at initial presentation, only 10% of patients are candidates for
surgery with a curative intent.[
[19]
]
General recommendations
We consider the COVID mass testing of patient with cancer important, but this amount
of testing is not yet available in Brazil.
The health system of each region should try to create “COVID free pathways” at the
3 levels of assistance - basic, secondary, and tertiary.[
[20]
] Through a screening system, it would be possible to select units that would not treat
patients suspected of COVID-19, prioritizing certain serious diseases, such as cancer,
if possible.
We believe all cases should be discussed in the multidisciplinary team based manner,
and the team should consider the information provided by the infection control commission.
No surgery should be postponed in the presence of sufficient resources (ICU beds,
staff…).
It is important to stratify the patient according to their surgical gravity.[
[21]
]
Priority level 1A: Emergency - operation needed within 24 hours to save life.
Priority level 1B: Urgent - operation needed with 72 hours. Based on:
Urgent/emergency surgery for life threatening conditions such as obstruction, bleeding
and regional and/or localised infection permanent injury/clinical harm from progression
of conditions such as spinal cord compression.
Priority level 2: Elective surgery with the expectation of cure, prioritised according
to:
-
within 4 weeks to save life/progression of disease beyond operability based on;urgency
of symptoms;
-
complications such as local compressive symptoms;
-
biological priority (expected growth rate) of individual cancers.
Local complications may be temporarily controlled, for example with stents if surgery
is deferred and/or interventional radiology.
Priority level 3: Elective surgery can be delayed for 1012 weeks will have no predicted
negative outcome.
* Classification of procedures according to priority.
|
Classification
|
Time
|
According to pathology
|
|
Emergency
|
whithin 1 hours
|
Tumor rupture with bleeding and instability
|
|
Urgency
|
whithin 24 hours
|
Cholangitis ( biliare drainage )/ Tumor rupture with bleeding and instability - Embolization
by radiointervetion
|
|
Relative urgency
|
whithin 2 weeks
|
Preoperative biliare drainage for hilar cholangiocarcinoma / Preoperative portal vein
embolization / Neoadjuvant chemoembiolation
|
|
Essential elective
|
Betwenn 3-8 weeks
|
Resections of malignant liver tumors after neoadjuvance
/ Resections of galibladder tumor / Treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma after portal
vein embolization and / or biliary drainage / Treatment of intrahepatic
cholangiocarcinoma
|
|
Elective
|
more than8 weeks
|
Resections of benign tumors ( adenomas, large cysts, etc.)
|
Specific recommendations
Colorectal liver metastases (CRLM):
-
Initiate neoadjuvant chemotherapy for rapidly growing metastases; synchronous or metastatic
to more than one site, in resectable cases.
-
Avoid unnecessary prolongation of chemotherapy, only due to the epidemic.
-
If the patient has finished neoadjuvant treatment consider delay surgery for 4-6 weeks
on major hepatectomies.
-
RFA and MWSA can be offered to 1-3 nodules < 3cm.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC):
-
RFA for patients BCLC A group.
-
TACE as a bridge for transplantation.
-
In patients who have had TACE and are at risk of drop out of Milan criteria consider
LT. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA).
-
MWSA should consider to treatment single nodule <4cm.
-
Patients not suitable for MWSA consider surgery, give preference to laparoscopic or
robotic techniques.
Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (hCCA):
Gallbladder cancer:
Bibliographical Record
Victor Hugo Ribeiro Vieira, Alessandro Landskron Diniz, Alexandre Ferreira Oliveira,
Heber Salvador de Castro Ribeiro, Luis Cesar Bredt, Paulo Henrique de Sousa Fernandes,
Reitan Ribeiro, Mauro Monteiro Correia. Recommendations of the BSSO for patients with
hepatobiliary cancers in the context of COVID-19 epidemic 2020. Brazilian Journal
of Oncology 2021; 17: e-20210006.
DOI: 10.5935/2526-8732.20210006
