Keywords
Dr. Saul Hertz - nuclear medicine - radioiodine
Introduction
A eureka moment for Nuclear Medicine occurred on November 12, 1936, when Dr. Saul
Hertz [Figure 1] spontaneously asked Karl Compton, the President of the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT), “Could iodine be made radioactive artificially?” Dr. Hertz solely
conceived of the question bringing together the work conducted in 1896 by E. Bauman,
who discovered that iodine was taken up by the thyroid and the 1935 Nobel Prize-winning
work of Pierre and Marie Joliot-Curie, for their creation of artificial radioactive
elements.
Figure 1: Dr. Saul Hertz 1905-1950 (published with permission of the Dr. Saul Hertz archive)
Dr. Hertz served as the director of the Massachusetts General Hospital's (MGH) thyroid
unit from 1931 to 1943. Hertz and his Chief of Medicine, Dr. James H. Means, who had
established the MGH thyroid unit in 1920, attended a luncheon meeting at Harvard Medical
School, held in Vanderbilt Hall. The speaker was Karl Compton, President of the MIT.
Compton's topic was, “What Physics Could Do For Biology and Medicine.”
Dr. Means wrote, “Our primary interest was in iodine metabolism and when it became
apparent that there maybe radioactive isotopes of iodine, it at once occurred to Hertz
that we might solve a problem we were already working on.”
Initial funding was acquired from Harvard Medical School and a young physicist, Dr.
Arthur Roberts, was hired to work at MIT. MIT physicist, Dr. Roberts, created noncyclotron
I-128 based on the work of Enrico Fermi. Hertz and Roberts designed an animal study
of 48 rabbits. The noncyclotron 1-128 was administered to rabbits with altered thyroid
gland function. Hertz and Roberts' qualitative analysis showed that hyperplastic glands
retained more radioactive iodine (RAI) than normal glands [Figure 2]. These studies demonstrated the principle that tracer amounts of RAI could be used
to investigate thyroid gland physiology. Hertz and Roberts wrote the paper and it
was accepted for publication.[1] When it was at the publishers, MIT's Robley Evans dictated a letter for Dr. Hertz
to sign that his name, Evans, should be included. It was a condition of Arthur Roberts
employment that the director of the laboratory, Evans, should be included on any papers
that would be presented. It is to be noted that Hertz and Roberts designed the research,
executed the work, analyzed the data, and wrote the paper.
Figure 2: The original workbook of Dr. Saul Hertz showing patients with unsuccessful treatment
(2a) and successful treatment (2b) (published with permission of the Dr. Saul Hertz
archive)
At the onset of the animal studies, experiments in 1937, Dr. Hertz thought that there
would be equally promising therapeutic possibilities in the treatment of cancer of
the thyroid with RAI.
Mayo Soley, a MGH colleague of Dr. Hertz, wrote to Hertz congratulating him on his
RAI work. Dr. Soley was then at the University of California Berkeley (UCB), where
Ernest Lawrence had built a cyclotron. Work was done at UCB that confirmed the Hertz/Roberts
animal study findings. UCB's Glenn Seaborg and John Livingood developed cyclotron
produced RAI.
First Therapy
A total of $30,000 was funded by New York City's Markle Foundation to build a cyclotron
at MIT to produce I-130 and I-131. On March 31, 1941, Dr. Hertz administered MIT cyclotron
produced RAI to Elizabeth D. at the MGH. This was the first therapeutic use to of
RAI. Dr. Saul Hertz was the first and the foremost to develop the experimental data
on RAI and apply it in the clinical setting with the first clinical trial leading
to a series of 29 patients. In 1942, Hertz conducted and reported to the Markle Foundation
his limited clinical trials of RAI to treat thyroid carcinoma.
In 1943, this work was interrupted as Dr. Saul Hertz was commissioned into the United
States Navy to serve his country during World War II.
Controversies
During the war years, MGH's Dr. Earl Chapman took over Dr. Hertz's work and teamed
up with MIT's Robley Evans. Before Dr. Hertz returned to Boston, Chapman and Evans
submitted a paper to the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) of their
(Chapman and Evans) work utilizing RAI without Dr. Hertz's name. In April 2016, MGH's
Chairman Emeritus, Department of Radiology stated, “.... Chapman and Evans had basically
stolen his (Hertz's) work”… “the most flagrant, unethical, academically reprehensible
behaviour…worst yet, Saul Hertz died… in 1950 and these two gentlemen (Chapman and
Evans) spent a great deal of time and effort rewriting history.”
In May 11, 1946, two articles appeared side by side in the JAMA both from the same
institutions [Figure 3]. One article authored by Hertz and Roberts and the other from Chapman and Evans
demonstrated the successful use of RAI in the treatment of Graves' Disease (hyperthyroidism).
Figure 3: News of Dr. Saul Hertz’s work reaches a wider audience (published with permission
of the Dr. Saul Hertz archive)
Looking at Cancer
After the war, Dr. Hertz wrote in his correspondence to MGH, “My new research is in
Cancer of the Thyroid which I believe holds the key to the larger problem of Cancer
in general.” Hertz was quoted in The American Weekly Magazine, June 2, 1946, as saying,
“.demand is expected in the fields of cancer and leukaemia for other radioactive medicines.”
In March 1946, in a letter to MIT, Hertz wrote, “I have proposed... a course in Physical
application to Biology and Medicine. There are already ten doctors... who desire indoctrination
in Nuclear Physics and its application.” He also writes to MGH, “...with the rapid
development of the field of Nuclear Physics and its application to the problems of
medical research and treatment, it might be desirable for the hospital to build up
a new class of specialists. I suppose an appropriate name for them might be 'Atomizers',
'isotopers' or 'Atomic Specialists'.”[2]
In the spring of 1946, Saul Hertz joined the staff of Boston's Beth Israel's Hospital.
He is able to gain funding from the Navy, to refine the use of RAI in treating thyroid
cancer. The Navy grant also provided for Dr. Hertz to explore with Dr. Herman Blumgart,
the use of RAI to disable the thyroid in an effort to treat angina. Dr. Hertz directed
his colleagues at Boston's Beth Israel Hospital in the use of RAI to diagnose and
treat thyroid carcinoma successfully. Essential was the development and use of the
multiscaler. Dr. Hertz designed and helped to create, the multiscaler at MIT where
Dr. Hertz was teaching [Figure 4]. The multiscaler provided uptake testing so that dosimetry could be utilized to
determine the appropriate amount of RAI for each patient. In September 1946, with
Hertz family money, the Radioisotope Research Institute with facilities in Boston
and New York City was registered. The institute with clinical and laboratory facilities
was devoted to the application of nuclear physics to medical investigation, diagnosis,
and treatment. Hertz reached out to Dr. Samuel Seidlin of New York's Montefiore Hospital
to be the associate director. By happenstance, Dr. Seidlin explored the use of RAI
to treat carcinoma, when a ward patient known as BB appeared some years after his
thyroid had been surgically removed. Dr. Seidlin consulted with Dr. Hertz and BB was
treated with RAI. No new lesions appeared and some almost completely disappeared.
Dr. Seidlin's patient BB died in 1952 form anaplastic carcinoma.
Figure 4: A volunteer shows how the multiscaler works, Dr. Saul Hertz stands next to the machine
(published with permission of the Dr. Saul Hertz archive)
Nuclear Medicine Is Born
In May 24, 1949, in a Harvard Crimson article, Hertz, “...emphasized this example
of therapeutic application as a beacon in utilizing the tracer methods employing radioactive
substances for the analysis of cellular function, growth, metabolism and nutrition
in the body in other organs than the thyroid.” Dr. Hertz stressed the tracer, targeted
approach. In correspondence, Hertz wrote, “I have certain ideas in the field of Cancer...
that are more intriguing from a physician's point of view than the cure of Graves'
Disease with radioactive iodine without operation... the cancer field is relatively
virgin territory both from the standpoint of actual knowledge or prognostic attack
[Figure 5].”
Figure 5: The use of radioiodine in treating cancer makes the press (published with permission
of the Dr. Saul Hertz archive)
Dr. Hertz advocated to the Atomic Energy Commission, for the distribution of RAI off
of the atomic pile. He was closely involved in setting government regulations. Nuclear
medicine had come of age.
In 1949, Dr. Hertz established the first Nuclear Medicine Department at the Massachusetts's
Women's Hospital. At the time of his passing in July of 1950, from a sudden death
heart attack, Dr. Hertz had expanded his research to other areas of cancer research
using radionuclides.
The Hertz Legacy
Saul Hertz's legacy is profound and enduring.[3],[4] His work established the cornerstone of nuclear medicine. The collaboration developed
between Boston's MGH and the MIT converged the sciences in the quest to conquer cancer.
Precision medicine has its roots in Dr. Hertz's use of dosimetry. Utilization of RAI
to trace the functioning of an organ as well as to treat disease is the first therangnostic.
Dr. Hertz's teaching at Harvard Medical School and at MIT planted the seed of combined
MD-PhD programs.
Now some 80 years later, since Dr. Hertz posed his pivotal question, we are internally
targeting other tumors with radionuclides such as Y-90 and Lu-177 using peptide receptor
radionuclide therapy. In addition to thyroid and neuroendocrine tumors, targeted therapies
are being used for metastatic bone cancers, prostate cancer, and neuroblastoma.[5],[6],[7]
Dr. Hertz with his physicist colleague, Dr. Roberts' use of dosimetry, is being investigated
to personalize treatments. Precision medicine has expanded into the area of radioimmunotherapy.
The use of the sodium/Iodide symporter in the treatment of cancer holds promise. This
key plasma membrane transporter that mediates active iodine in the thyroid is being
used to make other tumors take up the I-131 like those of thyroid cancer cells. Dr.
Hertz overcame many challenges to bring his work to fruition. Let us be grateful to
the patients who take a leap of faith to participate in clinical trials, to all the
professionals and their support staffs, to the nuclear medicine industries, training,
research and hospital centers worldwide, as well as to the professional organizations
who propel Saul Hertz's dream forward.
