KEY WORDS
Cystic hygroma - intralesional bleomycin - sclerosant
INTRODUCTION
Sixty per cent of all lymphatic malformations (LMs) are observed at birth.[[1]] It is a benign lesion and needs attention mostly because of aesthetic reasons and
complications such as compression of adjacent organs, leading to respiratory obstruction,
dysphagia, nerve compression and malocclusion. LM can present with local inflammation,
infection, sinus formation and haemorrhage. Spontaneous resolution is known but is
very rare. Till recently, surgical excision was considered the treatment of choice.
Surgery has a high rate of complication with chances of recurrences which are difficult
to manage.[[2]] Intralesional sclerotherapy (ILS) has been advocated as a popular alternative to
surgery, mainly for superficial LM. The main drawback of ILS, cited in literature,
is the need for multiple sessions to achieve an acceptable outcome as compared to
surgical excision.[[2]] Only a few sporadic case reports have shown complete resolution of LM with one
session of ILS.[[3]] This study was conducted with the aim to study whether multiple sessions of intralesional
bleomycin are necessary for complete resolution of the lesion.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Data of all the patients of macrocystic LM aged below 18 years presenting either in
the Department of Paediatric Surgery or Plastic Surgery from January 2012 to December
2016 were analysed retrospectively. The patients with microcystic lesion with associated
haemangiomatous component or macrocystic lesion having more than five cysts were excluded
from the study (to avoid tackling a large number of cysts in one sitting). A total
of 21 cases aged ranging from 3 months to 17 years were included. All possible complications
such as infection or haemorrhage were recorded. Ultrasound (USG) was done in all cases
to confirm the diagnosis and to characterize the lesion into micro- or macro-cystic
lesions as per the latest classification.[[1]] Post-procedure follow-up was done at 6 months using USG to document the size and
volume of the residual lesion. All the parents had agreed with the proposed treatment
and post-operative evaluation. ILS is the standard modality for the treatment of pure
lymphatic or mixed LMs at our centre. All patients were strictly scrutinized for the
presence of any lung pathology before initiation of therapy and were subjected to
one shot of intravenous antibiotic before ILS and oral antibiotics for 72 h and analgesic
for 48 h post-procedure.
Treatment protocol for intralesional sclerotherapy
All interventions were done under general anaesthesia/sedation in the operation theatre
[[Figure 1]], and the lesion was localized on USG [[Figure 2]]. Individual cysts were punctured using 22 or 20 Fr intravenous cannula under USG
guidance. After puncture, metallic stellate of the cannula was used to monitor the
exact placement of the cannula [[Figure 3]] in the cyst cavity. After confirming cannula placement, i.e., free flow of clear
fluid, metallic stellate was withdrawn and the plastic cannula left in situ. The main objective of cyst aspiration was to completely evacuate the cyst for optimum
action of the drug. With the aspirating cannula left in situ, bleomycin was injected under USG guidance taking care not to dislodge the cannula
from the cyst cavity [[Figure 4]]. Drug delivery was confirmed into the cyst cavity with USG. Bleomycin was injected
individually in each cyst, and care was taken that total dose should not exceed the
recommended dose of 0.5 mg/kg.[[3]
[4]
[5]] Post-procedure, compression of the injection site (wherever it was possible) was
done for 6 h. Strict monitoring of the vitals was done up to 6 h post-procedure, and
the patients were discharged within 24–48 h of the procedure.
Figure 1: Large cystic hygroma involving neck before sclerotherapy under general anaesthesia
Figure 2: Ultrasound picture showing large cystic lesion before sclerotherapy
Figure 3: Ultrasound showing 20 Fr intravenous cannula with metallic stent just before aspiration
of the fluid note single cannula will be used for aspiration of both cysts
Figure 4: Aspiration of the content (haemorrhagic)
Evaluation and follow-up of lesion
Patients were evaluated clinically at 3 and 6 months post-procedure [[Figure 5]]. Subsequently, all patients were reviewed at 6 monthly intervals for at least 2
years. USG evaluation of the residual lesion was done at the second visit, i.e., 6
months [[Figure 6]] post-procedure, and the size were compared with the previous scan (especially volume
of the lesion). The patients were graded into complete resolution, incomplete resolution
and failure as summarised in [Table 1]. Thus, our emphasis was on the cosmetic improvement of the lesion unlike the previous
series where it was graded as excellent with more than 90% reduction in the size of
lesion, good with 50%–90% reduction and poor in the rest of the cases.[[3]
[4]
[5]]
Figure 5: Follow-up picture of same patient at 3 months
Figure 6: Repeat ultrasound showing very small residual (not amenable to aspiration) lesion
after 6 months of the first session
Table 1
Response criteria
|
Response
|
Features
|
|
Complete resolution
|
No residual mass or <10% of residual lesion (in comparison to first ultrasound) in
the form of cyst or fibrotic lesion on ultrasound and not evident clinically. (19
cases)
|
|
Incomplete resolution
|
More than 10% but <30% of residual lesion on ultrasound (in comparison to first ultrasound)
or residual mass evident on careful examination. (no cases)
|
|
Failure
|
Residual lesion of more than 30% of initial size or a lesion apparently evident on
clinical examination (2 cases)
|
RESULTS
A total of 21 patients was included in our study. The age ranged from 3 months to
17 years. Male to female ratio was 8:13. The most common site of involvement was neck
and axilla followed by anterior chest wall and nape of the neck. Complete resolution
was observed in 91% of cases, none of our patients landed in the partial response
group and surgical excision was done in two cases [[Table 1]]. Major complication in the form of intralesional bleeding was seen in one patient
and managed conservatively. Transient pain and fever were observed in 23.8% of cases.
Results are summarized in [Table 2]. Only two patients required surgical intervention where one had a persistent subcutaneous
fibrotic nodule and another one did not respond to intra lesional bleomycin ILS.
Table 2
Clinical response and complication
|
Number of cysts in lesion
|
Number of cases
|
Number of sessions
|
Complications
|
Result
|
|
B: Post-procedure bleeding (*This patient developed large fibrotic mass after the
first session and was not amenable for the second session of bleomycin and required
surgical excision). CR: Complete response (where resolution is more than 90% of initial
size on ultrasound and no obvious clinical lesion appreciable), PR: Poor response
(where residual lesion is more than 20% and not amenable to further sclerotherapy
or not responding after the second session), F: Fever requiring antipyretic, P: Post-procedural
pain requiring analgesic, NR: No Response
|
|
1 cysts
|
3
|
Single session
|
F-2, P-1
|
CR after 1 session – all 3 cases
|
|
2-3 cysts
|
16
|
In two cases, two sessions, and in rest, 14 single session
|
F-3, P-2, B*-1
|
CR after 2 session - 12 cases
CR after 2 sessions - 2 cases
NR - 2
|
|
4-5 cysts
|
2
|
Single session
|
-
|
CR after 1 session - both cases
|
DISCUSSION
Recent classifications have extended the range of LMs and have included various generalised
lymphatic disorders under one umbrella.[[1]] Moreover, the arbitrary distinction of macrocystic and microcystic malformation
on the size of the cyst has been done away with. Cysts which can be successfully aspirated
or sclerosed resulting in the decrease in size of lesion are considered significant
or macrocysts.[[6]] Usually, macrocysts respond well to sclerotherapy whereas microcystic lesion requires
surgical intervention.
The best diagnostic tool to differentiate LMs from cystic lesions of the neck is magnetic
resonance imaging, but USG can usually confirm and differentiate cystic LM from other
cystic lesion.[[7]]
LMs are benign lesions but warrant urgent attention because of its potential complications
such as intralesional bleeding and infections. In the present series, three patients
had features of secondary infection at the time of the first presentation, but all
responded to the conservative treatment. Another reason for sudden enlargement of
the lesion is spontaneous bleeding, which usually responds to conservative management
but may need emergency surgery.[[8]
[9]] In the present series, only one patient presented with spontaneous bleeding and
was managed conservatively. None of our patients presented with post-procedural infection
although one presented with intralesional bleeding after the procedure. This patient
was initially managed conservatively but developed a subcutaneous fibrotic mass which
required surgical excision. Surgical excision of post-sclerotherapy lesion is difficult
due to dense adhesion between residual cyst and neighbouring tissue, leading to loss
of tissue plane.
Surgical excision is the standard treatment for LM; however, due to the proximity
of the lesion with nerve and important vessels, sometimes, complete excision is not
possible which may lead to recurrence. The recurrence rate after surgery may be as
high as 27% in some series with a mortality of around 2%.[[2]
[10]] Other post-operative complications observed after surgical excision of LM are wound
infection, haemorrhage, scar hypertrophy and persistent lymphorrhea and lymphangioma
circumscriptum. These limitations of surgical intervention led to an interest in alternative
treatment options such as ILS.[[11]]
ILS has many benefits over surgical approach such as less chances of recurrence, no
or minimal scar, minimal chances of nerve or vascular injury. Several sclerosing agents,
such as ethanol, sodium tetradecyl sulphate and doxycycline, have been used in LMs;
however, two most extensively used sclerosants are bleomycin and OK432;[[12]
[13]
[14]] because of easy availability and low cost, we used bleomycin in our study.
In multicystic lesions, especially with more than five cysts, it was observed that
the individual cysts were very small; hence, it was not possible to target each cyst
individually in one sitting, and dose of bleomycin may exceed the upper limit (0.5
ml/kg). Keeping the maximal dose concern in our mind, we have restricted this study
to multicystic lesions having <5 cysts on USG evaluation.
Most of the published series reported complete resolution in 60% of cases with marked
reduction in size in >30% cases after 3–6 sessions of bleomycin ILS.[[11]] In the present series, 85% of cases had almost complete resolution or had small
residual fibrotic mass which was clinically not appreciable after a single session
of ILS, and 90.5% had complete resolution after the second session whereas, around
9.5% (2 cases) required surgical excision.
It was observed that the patients who did not have a history of previous infection
or bleeding in the cyst had better response with no residual fibrotic lesion in comparison
to the lesions that had one or more complication before ILS initiation. The possible
reasons for better results in our series are as follows: In all cases, cysts were
tackled individually under strict aseptic precaution in operation theatre. The cyst
content was completely aspirated under the USG guidance before instillation of bleomycin,
thus decreasing the chances of dilution of the drug and increasing the contact of
bleomycin with the endothelial lining of the cyst. The intimate contact between the
bleomycin solution and cyst endothelial lining post-aspiration, we feel, is the most
important aspect of the treatment. We believe that the intense inflammation caused
by bleomycin solution leads to the loss of secretory power of the endothelial lining
and extensive post-inflammatory fibrosis. Second, the concentration of bleomycin (3
mg/ml of dilution) used in our series led to more intense fibrosis as reflected as
better result in our series; however, in none of the patients, total dose did not
exceed 0.5 mg/kg body weight. Third, in our series, the proposed interval between
the two sessions was 6 months or more unlike most of the reported series where duration
between two sessions was 4–8 weeks, and we think that it may be the desired time for
optimal action and effect of the drug. Finally, post-therapy compression decreased
the chances of seroma formation as well as increased the contact time between bleomycin
solution and cyst endothelial lining.
This mode of treatment is not free of complication, but the severity and frequency
of complication are much less when compared with surgery. The reported complications
of sclerotherapy with bleomycin are discolouration of the injection site, sudden increase
in the size of LM, fever, vomiting, cellulitis, interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary
fibrosis. Pulmonary fibrosis is associated with high dosage of bleomycin.[[15]] The safe upper limit dose of bleomycin in single session is 0.5 ml/kg body weight,
but it ranges from 0.3 to 1 mg/kg[[16]] and upper limit of cumulative dose is 5 mg/kg.[[17]] In our series, none of the patients had pulmonary fibrosis (though still long time
follow is required to rule out pulmonary fibrosis); because the total dose of drug
used was very small, 21% of cases developed high-grade fever which subsided with antibiotic
and antipyretic within 3 days, and the pain was complained by 18% cases which was
resolved with oral analgesic.
CONCLUSION
We believe that intralesional bleomycin sclerotherapy can be a safe and first-line
therapy for macrocystic LM in children and feel that even large macrocystic LMs can
be treated in a single sitting if done adequately.
Declaration of patient consent
The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms.
In the form the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their
images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients
understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will
be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
