Download PDF
Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2016; 29(01): 29-38
DOI: 10.3415/VCOT-15-05-0089
Original Research
Schattauer GmbH

Evaluation of bone deformities of the femur, tibia, and patella in Toy Poodles with medial patellar luxation using computed tomography

Shinji Yasukawa
1   Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
,
Kazuya Edamura
1   Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
,
Koji Tanegashima
1   Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
,
Mamiko Seki
1   Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
,
Kenji Teshima
1   Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
,
Kazushi Asano
1   Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
,
Tomohiro Nakayama
2   Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
,
Kei Hayashi
3   Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Received: 29 May 2015

Accepted: 13 October 2015

Publication Date:
19 December 2017 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

Summary

Objectives: To evaluate morphological parameters of the femur, tibia, and patella in Toy Poodles with medial patellar luxation (MPL) using three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) and to compare these parameters between radiography and CT.

Methods: Thirty-five hindlimbs of Toy Poodles were divided into normal and grade 2 and 4 MPL groups. The anatomical and mechanical lateral proximal femoral angle, anatomical and mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA, mLDFA), femoral varus angle (FVA), inclination of the femoral head angle, procurvation angle, anteversion angle (AA), frontal angle of the femoral neck, mechanical medial proximal or distal tibial angle, mechanical cranial proximal or distal tibial angle, tibial plateau angle, tibial torsion angle (TTA), Z angle, relative tibial tuberosity width, ratio of the medial distance of tibial tuberosity to the proximal tibial width (MDTT/PTW), patella size, and the patellar ligament length: patellar length (L:P) ratio were evaluated on radiography and 3D CT.

Results: The aLDFA, mLDFA, FVA, and TTA were significantly larger and the AA, MDTT/ PTW, and patella were significantly smaller in the grade 4 MPL group. There were significant differences in many parameters between imaging tools, and CT was considered less susceptible to potential artefacts and rotational deformities.

Clinical significance: Toy Poodles with grade 4 MPL had significant femoral varus deformity, medial displacement of the tibial tuberosity, internal torsion of the proximal tibia, and hypoplasia of the patella.

Keywords

Computed tomography - deformity - dog - patellar luxation - radiography
 

  • References

  • 1 Schulz K. Diseases of the Joints. In Fossum TW. editor Small Animal Surgery. 3rd ed. St Louis: Mosby Elsevier; 2002. Pg. 1143-1315
    Google Scholar
  • 2 Vasseur PB. Stifle joint. In Vasseur PB. editor Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2003. Pg 2090-2132
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Piermattei DL, Flo GL. The stifle joint. In Brinker WO, Piermattei DL, Flo GL. editors Handbook of Small Animal Orthopedics and Fracture Repair. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2006. Pg 562-582
    Google Scholar
  • 4 Hodgman SF. Abnormalities and defects in pedigree dogs-I. An investigation into the existence of abnormalities in pedigree dogs in the British Isles. J Small Anim Pract 1963; 4: 447-456.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Priester WA. Sex, size, and breed as risk factors in canine patellar luxation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1972; 160: 740-742.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Hayes AG, Randy JB, Hunderford LL. Frequency and distribution of medial and lateral patellar luxation in dogs: 124 cases (1982-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994; 205: 716-720.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 LaFond E, Breur GJ, Austin CC. Breed susceptibility for developmental orthopedic diseases in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2002; 38: 467-477.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Alam MR, Lee I J, Kang HS. et al. Frequency and distribution of patellar luxation in dogs. 134 cases (2000 to 2005). Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2007; 20: 59-64.
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Swiderski JK, Palmer RH. Long-term outcome of distal femoral osteotomy for treatment of combined distal femoral varus and medial patellar luxation: 12 cases (1999-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 231: 1070-1075.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Hulse DA. Pathophysiology and management of medial patellar luxation in the dog. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1981; 76: 43-51.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Mortari AC, Rahal SC, Vulcano LC. et al. Use of radiographic measurements in the evaluation of dogs with medial patellar luxation. Can Vet J 2009; 50: 1064-1068.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Soparat C, Wangdee C, Chuthatep S. et al. Radiographic measurement for femoral varus in Pomeranian dogs with and without medial patellar luxation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2012; 25: 197-201.
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Kaiser S, Cornely D, Golder W. et al. The correlation of canine patellar luxation and the anteversion angle as measured using magnetic resonance images. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2001; 42: 113-118.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Roch SP, Gemmill TJ. Treatment of medial patellar luxation by femoral closing wedge ostectomy using a distal femoral plate in four dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2008; 49: 152-158.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Towle HA, Griffon DJ, Thomas MW. et al. Pre- and postoperative radiographic and computed tomographic evaluation of dogs with medial patellar luxation. Vet Surg 2005; 34: 265-272.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Bound N, Zakai D, Butterworth S. et al. The prevalence of canine patellar luxation in three centres. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2009; 22: 32-37.
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Fitzpatrick CL, Krotscheck U, Thompson MS. et al. Evaluation of tibial torsion in Yorkshire Terriers with and without medial patellar luxation. Vet Surg 2012; 41: 966-972.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Barnes DM, Anderson AA, Frost C. et al. Repeatability and reproducibility of measurements of femoral and tibial alignment using computed tomography multiplanar reconstructions. Vet Surg 2015; 44: 85-93.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Singleton WB. The surgical correction of stifle deformities in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 1969; 10: 59-69.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Swiderski JK, Radecki SV, Park RD. et al. Comparison of radiographic and anatomic femoral varus angle measurements in normal dogs. Vet Surg 2008; 37: 43-48.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Bardet JF, Rudy RL, Hohn RB. Measurement of femoral torsion in dogs using a biplanar method. Vet Surg 1983; 12: 1-6.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Apelt D, Kowaleski MP, Dyce J. Comparison of computed tomographic and standard radiographic determination of tibial torsion in the dog. Vet Surg 2005; 34: 457-462.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Dismukes I D, Tomlinson JL, Fox DB. et al. Radiographic measurement of canine tibial angles in the sagittal plane. Vet Surg 2008; 37: 300-305.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Aper R, Kowaleski MP, Apelt D. et al. Computed tomographic determination of tibial torsion in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2005; 46: 187-191.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Paley D. Normal lower limb alignment and joint orientation. In Principles of Deformity Correction. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag;; 2003: 1-18
    Google Scholar
  • 26 Hauptman J. The angle of inclination of the canine femoral head and neck. Vet Surg 1979; 8: 74-77.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Petazzoni M. Hind limb alignment in the dog to treat patellar luxation: a retrospective study of 39 cases (2001-2005). 13th Conference of the European Society of Veterinary Orthopaedics and Traumatology. 2006. September 7-10 Munich; Germany: pg. 263
    Google Scholar
  • 28 Dudley RM, Kowaleski MP, Drost WT. et al. Radiographic and computed tomographic determination of femoral varus and torsion in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2006; 47: 546-552.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Nunamaker DM, Beiry DN, Newton CD. Femoral neck anteversion in the dog: its radiographic measurement. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1973; 14: 45-48.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Mostafa AA, Griffon DJ, Thomas MW. et al. Radiographic evaluation of femoral torsion and correlation with computed tomographic techniques in Labrador Retrievers with and without cranial cruciate ligament disease. Vet Surg 2014; 43: 534-541.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Dismukes I D, Tomlinson JL, Fox DB. et al. Radiographic measurement of the proximal and distal mechanical joint angles in the canine tibia. Vet Surg 2007; 36: 699-704.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Fettig AA, Rand WM, Sato AF. et al. Observer variability of tibial plateau slope measurement in 40 dogs with cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle joints. Vet Surg 2003; 32: 471-478.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Vedrine B, Guillemot A, Fontaine D. et al. Comparative anatomy of the proximal tibia in healthy Labrador retrievers and Yorkshire terriers. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2008; 26: 266-270.
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Mostafa AA, Griffon DJ, Thomas MW. et al. Proximodistal alignment of the canine patella: radiographic evaluation and association with medial and lateral patellar luxation. Vet Surg 2008; 37: 201-211.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Swiderski JK, Palmer RH. Long-term outcome of distal femoral osteotomy for treatment of combined distal femoral varus and medial patellar luxation: 12 cases (1999-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 231: 1070-1075.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Aiken M, Barnes D. Are the fabellae bisected by the femoral cortices in a true craniocaudal pelvic limb radiograph?. J Small Anim Pract 2014; 55: 465-470.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Roush JK. Canine patellar luxation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1993; 23: 855-868.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Campbell JR, Pond MJ. The canine stifle joint II. Medial luxation of the patella: An assessment of lateral capsular overlap and more radical surgery. J Small Anim Pract 1972; 13: 11-18.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Kowaleski MP. Patellar luxation - preoperative evaluation and surgical planning for femoral corrective osteotomy. 13th Conference of the European Society of Veterinary Orthopaedics and Traumatology. 2006. September 7-10 Munich; Germany: pg. 87-90
    Google Scholar
  • 40 Johnson AL, Broaddus KD, Hauptman JG. et al. Vertical patellar position in large-breed dogs with clinically normal stifles and large-breed dogs with medial patellar luxation. Vet Surg 2006; 35: 78-81.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar