Keywords
fibromyalgia - dizziness - vestibular function tests - electronystagmography
Palavras-chave
fibromialgia - tontura - t estes de função vestibular - eletronistagmografia
Introduction
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a non-inflammatory musculoskeletal chronic syndrome, whose etiology
is unknown, characterized by a diffuse pain, increase in palpation sensitivity and
such symptoms as tiredness, insomnia, anxiety, depression, cold intolerance and otologic
complaints. Although the FM-controlling physiological mechanisms have not been determined,
neuroendocrine, genetic or molecular factors can be involved[1]
[2].
Recent researches reveal biochemical, metabolic and immunoregulation abnormalities.
The most accepted mechanism to understand FM's physiopathology is that of an alteration
in any central mechanism of pain control, which could result in a neurohormonal dysfunction.
Such a dysfunction would include a deficit of inhibitor neurotransmitters in spinal
or supraspinal levels (serotonin, enkephalin, norepinephrine, etc.), or a hyperactivity
of exciting neurotransmitters (P substance, glutamate, bradykinin and other peptides),
or both conditions could be present. These dysfunctions could be triggered by a viral
infection, mental stress or a physical trauma and they could be genetically predetermined[1].
Several abnormalities have been observed in FM patients, some of which are notable:
a) release of P substance (neurohormone) at high levels in the cerebrospinal fluid;
b) deficit of serotonin in the platelet; c) low level of adenosine triphosphate; d)
abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates in the red blood cells; e) abnormal regulation
of cortisol production; and f) reduction of blood flow in certain brain structures[3].
The influence of genetic or molecular mechanisms can be involved. Several studies
have approached the frequency in FM patients' diverse relatives, suggesting that these
factors can play a relevant role on its etiopathogenesis[2].
Recent studies demonstrate that the frequency of polymorphisms of the genes catechol-O-methyltransferase
(COMT) with a L/L genotype was higher in FM patients, indicating that this genotype
produces a damaged enzyme unable to metabolize the catecholamines of the system effectively.
Although the FM involves a polygenic situation and environmental factors, the molecular
study can help identify susceptible individuals[2].
It has been widely attempted to clarify the organic FM pathogenesis in the last decade,
researches in genetics, biogenic amines, neurotransmitters, hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal
axis, oxidative stress, mechanisms of pain relief, central sensitivity and autonomic
function in FM reveal a series of abnormalities, indicating that a wide range of factors
and mechanisms can be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease[4].
Studies demonstrate that there is a lack of regulation in the central nervous system
at FM and they tackle the dysautonomia as a potential mechanism participating in the
genesis and maintenance of the symptomatology and co-morbidities[4].
Alvares and Lima
[5] and Martinez et al.[6], mention that the occupational overload comprises an important etiologic factor
and it can be preceded by the work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD/RSI).
Researches reveal that various FM symptoms can be confused with those of leprosy reactions
and that both diseases can occur on a simultaneous basis[7]. Furthermore, it is mentioned that FM patients can show a high level of thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH), hence indicating an association with hypothyroidism.
FM prevalence is approximately 2% of the general population; it is responsible for
15% of the consultations in rheumatology ambulatories and between 5% and 10% in general
clinical ambulatories. The female-to-male ratio is approximately 6 to 10:1. The highest
prevalence is within the age group between 30- and 50, and it can occur in childhood
and senior age as well[1]
[10].
FM diagnosis, as per the criteria determined by the American School of Rheumatology
in 1990, are as follows[1]:
-
diffuse pain lasting for a minimum of three months in the following areas: pain on
the left and right sides of the body, pain above and below the waist line, pain in
the axial skeleton (cervical column or anterior thoracic column, or thoracic column
or lumbar column). Pain on the shoulder or on the buttock is considered a pain for
each side concerned;
-
pain in at least 11 out of the 12 palpated points called “tender points” with a nearly
4-kg strength. In order to consider a “tender point” positive, the patient must declare
that palpation was painful. The presence of the painful points is the essential finding
of the study.
Disorders in the oculomotor function are reported in FM and they can be derived from
the dysfunction in the mechanisms responsible for their regulation as a result of
the reduction of the blood supply into the labyrinth[11].
Because of their manifestations and impairment areas, several rheumatologic diseases
can cause vestibular alterations, and the otoneurologic tests are fundamental tools
to confirm the vestibular disorders and their relations with the central nervous system
(CNS)[12].
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the vestibular behavior in fibromyalgia
patients.
Method
25 female FM patients aged between 26 and 65 (average age of 52.2; standard deviation
of 10.3) were submitted from the Rheumatology Ambulatory of the Federal University
of Paraná (HC-UFPR) to the Otoneurology Department of an Institution in the city of
Curitiba/PR.
It is about a transverse study and the patients were evaluated regardless of type
and time of treatment.
Individuals diagnosed of fibromyalgia without middle ear pathologies were included
in the research. Individuals showing an otological alteration or other abnormalities
that would make the exam impracticable were excluded from the research.
The research was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee under record N° 0187/2009
and after being authorized by the patients' signatures in the Free and Clarified Agreement
Term, they were submitted to the following procedures:
The patients were submitted to the following procedures:
Anamnesis
A questionnaire was applied with an emphasis on otoneurological signals and symptoms,
personal and family histories.
Otorhinolaryngological Evaluation
It was performed with the intention to excluding any alteration that might interfere
with the exam.
Vestibular Evaluation
The patients were submitted to the following tests integrating the vestibular exam:
Firstly, vertigo and positional/positioning, spontaneous and semi-spontaneous nystagmus
were surveyed.
Secondly, to perform vectoelectronystagmograph a Berger VN316 three-recording channels
thermosensitive equipment was used. An active electrode was placed firmly with electrolyte
paste in the lateral angle of each eye and in the posterior median line, making an
isosceles triangle to allow the horizontal, vertical and oblique eye movements to
be identified, as well as especially to calculate the angular speed of the slow component
of the nystagmus (ASSC).
A Frante pendular rotary chair, a Neurograff EV VEC visual stimulator and a Neurograff
NGR 05 air were used.
The following eye and labyrinth tests to VENG were performed in accordance with the
criteria suggested by the authors Mangabeira-Albernaz et al.[13].
-
Eye movement calibration in this exam stage, the evaluated clinical feature was the
trace conformity, making the researches compatible with each other.
-
Research of spontaneous nystagmus (open and closed eyes) and semi-spontaneous (open
eyes). In this record, the occurrence, direction, inhibitory effect in eye fixation
(IEEF) and the value of maximum nystagmus ASSC.
-
Research of pendular tracking to evaluate the occurrence and type of curve.
-
Research of the optokinetic nystagmus at the speed of 60° per second in the clockwise
and counterclockwise courses, in the horizontal direction. The occurrence, direction,
maximum ASSC were evaluated as to the clockwise and counterclockwise movements of
nystagmus.
-
Research of pre-rotary and post-rotary nystagmus at the rotary decreasing pendular
test, by stimulating the lateral, anterior and posterior semicircular ducts. To stimulate
the lateral semicircular ducts (horizontal), head was inclined 30% forward. On the
next stage, to sensitize the anterior and posterior semicircular ducts (vertical),
the head position was 60o backward and 45o to the right; next, 60o backward and 45o
to the left, respectively. The occurrence, direction, frequency to the clockwise and
counterclockwise rotations of nystagmus were observed.
-
Research of the pre-caloric and post-caloric nystagmus performed with the patient
in such a position to incline the head 60o backward in order to properly stimulate
the lateral semicircular ducts. The time to irrigate each ear with air at 42oC and
20oC was 80s for each temperature and the responses were recorded with the eyes closed
and, next, with eyes open to observe IEEF. In this evaluation, the direction, absolute
ASSC values and the ratio calculation of the directional preponderance and the labyrinthic
prevalence of the post-caloric nystagmus were observed.
Statistical Analysis
The Test of Proportional Differences was performed in order to compare the results
of the vestibular exam (analysis of the normal and changed results) and those of Fischer's
Test (associating the results of the vestibular exam with walking disequilibrium and
tinnitus). 0.05 or 5% was defined as the rejection level at a null hypothesis.
Results
The frequency of the otoneurological signals and symptoms in FM patients is found
on [Table 1].
Table 1.
Distribution of the frequency of otoneurological signal and symptoms in fibromyalgia
patients.
|
Otoneurological Signals and Symptoms
|
N
|
Frequency
|
|
Difficulty or pain when moving neck
|
23
|
92.0%
|
|
Pain spread to arm or shoulder
|
23
|
92.0%
|
|
Dizziness
|
21
|
84.0%
|
|
Headache
|
19
|
76.0%
|
|
Walking disequilibrium
|
12
|
48.0%
|
|
Tinnitus
|
11
|
44.0%
|
|
Empty head sensation
|
11
|
44.0%
|
|
Crack on neck
|
8
|
32.0%
|
|
Nausea
|
8
|
32.0%
|
|
Floating sensation
|
6
|
24.0%
|
|
Paleness
|
6
|
24.0%
|
|
Extremity formication
|
6
|
24.0%
|
|
Vision darkness
|
5
|
20.0%
|
|
Palpitation
|
5
|
20.0%
|
|
Sudoresis
|
5
|
20.0%
|
|
Nearly-fainting sensation
|
4
|
16.0%
|
|
Vomits
|
4
|
16.0%
|
|
Facial formication
|
3
|
12.0%
|
N - number of cases.
The frequency of diverse clinical signals can be observed in [Table 2.]
Table 2.
Other clinical findings in fibromyalgia patients.
|
Diverse Clinical Signals and Symptoms
|
N
|
Frequency
|
|
Depression
|
20
|
80.0%
|
|
Anxiety
|
19
|
76.0%
|
|
Insomnia
|
18
|
72.0%
|
|
Fatigue
|
16
|
64.0%
|
|
Nocturnal agitation
|
9
|
36.0%
|
|
Fear
|
3
|
12.0%
|
N - number of cases.
The research of positional nystagmus was not performed due to the patients' physical
impracticality and the following evidences; calibration of eye movements, research
of spontaneous nystagmus with open and closed eyes, semi-spontaneus nystagmus, pendular
track and optokinetic nystagmus did not show alterations.
At the caloric test, five bilateral labyrinthic hyporeflexia cases (20,0%), three
unilateral labyrinthic hyperreflexia cases (12,0%), two asymmetrical labyrinthic prevalence
cases (LP) (8,0%), one unilateral labyrinthical hyporeflexia case (4,0%) and one bilateral
labyrinthic hyperreflexia case (4,0%) occurred. In thirteen cases (52.0%), the exam
was within the normality standards (normoreflexia) as shown by [Table 3].
Table 3.
Results achieved at the caloric test by analyzing the absolute and relative values
on fibromyalgia patients.
|
Caloric Test
|
N
|
Frequency
|
|
Normoreflexia
|
13
|
52.0%
|
|
Bilateral labyrinthic hyporeflexia
|
5
|
20.0%
|
|
Unilateral labyrinthic hyperreflexia
|
3
|
12.0%
|
|
Asymmetrical labyrinthic prevalence
|
2
|
8.0%
|
|
Unilateral labyrinthic hyporeflexia
|
1
|
4.0%
|
|
Bilateral labyrinthic hyperreflexia
|
1
|
4.0%
|
N - number of cases.
In twelve cases, (48.0%) peripheral vestibular dysfunctions occurred, out of which
eight deficit peripheral vestibular dysfunction cases (32.0%) and four irritating
peripheral vestibular dysfunction cases (16.0%). The vestibular exam was normal in
thirteen cases (52.0%), as shown by [Table 4].
Table 4.
Results of the vestibular exam on fibromyalgia patients.
|
Results
|
N
|
Frequency
|
|
N.V.E.
|
13
|
52.0%
|
|
D.P.V.D.
|
8
|
32.0%
|
|
I.P.V.D.
|
4
|
16.0%
|
Legend: N - number of cases; N.V.E. - normal vestibular exam; D.P.V.D - deficit peripheral
vestibular dysfunction; I.P.V.D - irritating peripheral vestibular dysfunction.
When applying the Ratio Test, it proves that there is no significant difference between
the ratios of normal and changed exams (p = 0.7785).
The Correlation between the result of the vestibular exam and the presence of walking
disequilibrium can be observed on [Table 5].
Table 5.
Association between the result of the vestibular exam and the presence of walking
disequilibrium in twenty-five fibromyalgia patients.
|
Exam
|
Otoneurological
|
Symptom
|
P
|
|
No
|
Yes
|
|
|
N.V.E.
|
10
|
3
|
0.0131*
|
|
C.V.E.
|
3
|
9
|
|
Legend: N.V.E. - normal vestibular exam; C.V.E. - changed vestibular exam.
When applying Fischer's Test, the significance level of 5% (á = 0.05) was considered,
proving that there is a significant difference between the ratios of patients with
normal vestibular exam (NVE) and changed vestibular exam (CVE) with and without a
walking disequilibrium because p = 0.0131.
When applying Fischer's Test, it proves that there is a significant difference between
the rations of patients with normal vestibular exam (NVE) and the changed vestibular
exam (CVE) with and without a walking disequilibrium (p = 0.0131).
The Correlation between the result of the vestibular exam and the presence of tinnitus
can be observed on [Table 6].
Table 6.
Association between the result of the vestibular exam and the presence of tinnitus
in twenty-five fibromyalgia patients.
|
Exam
|
Otoneurological
|
Symptom
|
P
|
|
No
|
Yes
|
|
|
N.V.E.
|
12
|
1
|
0.0002*
|
|
C.V.E.
|
2
|
10
|
|
Legend: N.V.E. - normal vestibular exam; C.V.E. - changed vestibular exam.
When applying Fischer's Text, it proves that there is a significant difference between
the ratios of patients with NVE and CVE with and without tinnitus (p = 0.0002).
Discussion
At anamnesis, the occurrence of wide-ranging otoneurological and clinical symptoms
were verified, some of which can be mentioned as the highest prevalent ones, namely:
difficulty or pain when moving neck and pain spread to arm or shoulder (92.0%) in
each, dizziness (84.0%) and headache (76.0%); depression (80.0%), anxiety (76.0%)
and insomnia (72.0%). The symptoms are varied and the pain is manifested in muscular
and periarticular areas, becoming gradually generalized. According to the literature,
the dizziness and tinnitus symptoms are commonly mentioned in FM[1]
[2]
[11]
[14]
[15]. For Hadj-djilani and Gerster
[15] the otoneurolgical symptoms can derive from musculoskeletal abnormalities that are
common in FM and they can impair the proprioception by causing an instability sensation.
Jacomini and Silva
[4] mention that the association between the otorneurological signals and symptoms and
FM is demonstrated in a number of studies revealing that there is a lack of regulation
of the autonomous nervous system, hence causing dysautonomia. The authors suggest
that FM is a generalized form of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Studies performed in
animals show that the trauma can unleash a permanent sympathetic hyperactivity, the
pain neurotransmitters are changed and abnormally activated by noradrenaline, what
would explain the mechanism known in medicine as sympathetically maintained pain.
This type of pain is characterized by post-trauma installation, for its independence
from any tissue damage and for the presence of allodynia. For the authors, the sympathetic
hyporeactivity provides a coherent explanation for permanent fatigue and other symptoms
associated with vertigo, mental confusion and weakness.
Emerging genome investigations have contributed to clarify the participation of the
sympathetic system in FM. The catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is an enzyme that
disables catecholamines and drugs containing the catechol group. The COMT-coding gene
is mapped and the influence of polymporphism of this gene has been investigated in
an attempt to elucidate its involvement in the pathogenesis of a variety of psychiatric
disorders and pain perception. The meaning of polymorphism of the gene expressing
COMT was studied in FM, and, three polymorphisms are considered: LL (low/low), LH
(low/high/intermediate) and HH (high/high) that determine the degrading rate of catecholamines
or other catecholic drugs[16].
Gursoy et al.[16] reported that 73.8% of the women showing FM had a low or intermediate enzymatic
activity and 26.2% had a high enzymatic activit. This result, LL variant - a lot noticed
- and HH variant - little noticed, results in a low or high degradation of catecholamines,
respectively. This means that the lower the enzymatic activity the more catecholamine
is found. Such results confirm the idea of the hyperactive sympathetic system in FM
and prove the involvement of COMT polymorphism in FM.
Current evidences maintain the hypothesis of a neuromodulation disorder of pain, involving
the CNS especially. The suggested physiopathology is related to a primary disorder
in the central mechanism of pain in FM individuals, as a result of neurotransmitter
alterations. The neurohormonal dysfunction would include a deficit of inibitory neurotransmitters
(serotonin, enkephalin, norepinephrine, and others) or a hyperactivity of the exciting
(P substances, glutamate, bradykinin and other peptides), or both situations simultaneously[1].
The serotonin deficit contributes to sleep disorders and increase in pain, influencing
the release of P substance. The reduction of tryptophan levels (predecessor of serotonin
and neuromodulator) and other aminoacids an an increase in the concentration of the
P substance, endorphins and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were found in the blood and
liquor of FM individuals[1].
As to the vestibular evaluation, a change in the peripheral vestibular system was
observed in 12 patients, and this change was found in the caloric test prevailed by
the deficit peripheral vestibular dysfunctions. Rosenhall, Johansson and Orndahl
[11] mentioned a presence of positioning nystagmus, spontaneous nystagmus with open eyes
and no eye fixation, alteration in saccadic movements, speed of the pendular tracking
and hyperreflexia to caloric stimulation. They found 35% of CNS-involved vestibular
system dysfunction. Zeigelboim et al[12] and Bayazit et al.[14] observed a peripheral dysfunction only in the caloric test with the presence of
hyporeflexias and hyperreflexias. When comparing the ratios between the normal and
changed tests, no significant difference was evident. When comparing the normal and
changed vestibular exams, with and without symptoms of walking disequilibrium and
tinnitus, we had a significant diferent between the ratios.
Bayazit et al.[17] performed the vestibular evoked myogenic potential test -VEMP and they observed
a significant alteration in the latency n23 and in the interpeak latency of waves
p13-n23, demonstrating a relevant otoneurological involvement of this exam in fibromyalgia
patients.
In the researched literature, with regard to the otoneurological aspect, we found
a few studies to compare our findings with.
Conclusion
-
The most evident otoneurological symptoms were: difficulty or pain during neck movements
and pain spread to shoulder or arm (92.0%) in each, dizziness (84.0%) and headache
(76.0%). And the most reported diverse clinical symptoms were: depression (80.0%),
anxiety (76.0%) and insomnia (72.0%).
-
The change in the vestibular exam occurred in 48.0% of the patients, and it was found
in the caloric test.
-
Alteration in the peripheral vestibular system was prevalent.
-
Deficit peripheral vestibular dysfunctions were prevalent.
This study allowed the importance of the labyrinthic exam to be checked, hence emphasizing
that this type of population should be studied better, since several rheumatologic
diseases can cause relevant vestibular alterations as a result of their manifestations
and impairment areas.
