Keywords
public health - hearing loss - hearing aids - patients satisfaction - adult - elders
Palavras-chave
saúde pública - perda auditiva - auxiliares de audição - satisfação do paciente -
adulto - idoso
Introduction
Hearing impairment is considered the third most common disability in the population[1]. It causes the individual; it was difficult to hear, psychosocial impairments, since
there may be withdrawal from social and occupational activities, affecting the quality
of life of it.
One way to lessen the impact of hearing loss in an individual's life is through the
use of hearing aids. Thus, environmental sounds and speech are amplified, and danger
signs and warning[2].
In 2004, considering the conditions of access of the Brazilian population to the procedures
for hearing health, the Ministry of Health established the National Policy for Health
Care Hearing, through Ordinance No. 2073[3] September 28, 2004, which guarantees from the diagnosis to prosthesis users of the
Unified Health System
In 2006, the Federal University of Santa Maria signed the agreement with the Ministry
of Health and has held the concession of hearing aids, according to the policy stated.
Because it is a sound amplifier, hearing aid needs a cochlear reserve enough that
there might be a good perception of sound and speech by the patient. Some people,
however, have a hearing disorder so important that even a powerful hearing aid cannot
help them[4].
In some cases, interestingly, we observe that there are patients who, despite showing
benefit with the device are not very satisfied. In contrast, others, even without
much benefit, show great satisfaction in being users of a hearing individual - HA[5].
Clinical experience has shown the audiologist that the relationship between amplification
systems and acoustic needs found in clinical trials do not guarantee the effectiveness
of the adaptation of the user equipment. It was necessary for the speech therapist
focuses its evaluation on the subject and no longer in the hearing, to find a more
satisfactory clinical practice[6].
Objective tests such as functional gain and speech intelligibility are not enough
to know how the adjustment was effective, since even if hearing aids provide good
audibility, the patient may not be satisfied if there is still no reduction of hearing
difficulties and disadvantages psychosocial[7]
[8].
Thus, there is growing interest in the development of validation procedures to evaluate
the benefit of users outside the clinical environment, thus becoming self-assessment
questionnaires[9].
The questionnaire Satisfaction with Amplification in Daily Life - SADL[10] was developed with the intention of providing not only an index of overall satisfaction,
but also a profile that can be used to identify areas of problems that cause dissatisfaction[11].
Several studies (from 10.12 to 16) who used the SADL questionnaire showed that patients
were significantly satisfied, but also identified issues on which there was less satisfaction.
In one of these[15], the author hypothesizes that the fact that 90% of individuals in their sample show
tone average grade, mild or moderate has favored the good results obtained satisfaction,
because he believes that the performance of hearing aids is worse in cases of severe
hearing loss.
This hypothesis prompted the investigation of satisfaction in cases where hearing
loss is very pronounced. Thus, the population evaluated in this study shows the important
feature of being made precisely for these individuals. Thus, we analyzed the effectiveness
of these prosthesis users, considering among other factors, the great need of amplification
and the difficulty in communicating them.
In addition, the routine care provided in the grant program hearing aids, after completion
of the consultations required in many cases the service loses contact with patients.
This fact may lead to the abandonment of the use of hearing aids, besides the possibility
of inadequate maintenance of them due to lack of reinforcement of information regarding
the use, handling and proper maintenance.
The failure to monitor the hearing impaired brings negative consequences for them
and for society. The effective use of the prosthesis does not compromise the social
integration, including the educational and occupational.
Due to the cost expended by the health services that provide hearing aids, the complexity
of adaptation to hearing aids and the importance of the success of aural rehabilitation
to the patients' hearing loss is extremely important to monitor the adaptation process.
Such monitoring should objectify the evaluation of clinical procedures and quality
assurance services, and analyzing user satisfaction with the equipment that was made
available, as these actions reflect the reality of the results achieved with the grant
program.
However, the objective of this study is to assess satisfaction with hearing aid users
and older adults with hearing losses of severe to profound degree, enrolled in the
program to grant hearing aids continuous flow of the Secretary of Health Care Ministry
of Health, developed at the University of Santa Maria and research the factors that
may hinder effective adaptation of hearing aids in this population.
Method
The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Hearing, Service of speech therapy (SAF),
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). Data collection took place during the
period between May and August 2009.
This research is a subproject within a larger project entitled: Survey and Database
on Hearing Health, registered in the Projects under No. 019 731 and approved by the
Ethics in Research with certificate No. 0138.0.243.246-06 in 2005 / 12 / 2006.
We selected hearing aid users, older than 18 years, hearing loss, severe to profound
in both ears; prothetizades Laboratory of Hearing UFSM through accreditation agreement
between the Health Department of the State of Rio Grande do South and the Federal
University of Santa Maria, from 2005, based on Ordinances 587 and 589[3], the Department of Health Care Ministry of Health, published in October 2004, with
a minimum of three months of use amplification, because clinical experience has shown
that this is a reasonable time to adjust to hearing aids, being able to verify the
actual results of the intervention, since the benefits from the use of amplification
did not emerge immediately[17].
Try, by telephone, the calling of 166 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Of
these, 60 were not found, since not responded to calls, the phones were outdated or
disconnected phones. The remaining 106 were asked about the possibility of attending
the Laboratory of Hearing - 3 had died, one had stolen the HA, two recently undergone
surgery, three were hospitalized, 5 were awaiting repair of equipment, 12 had consulted
recently time, eight could not attend and said they would come into contact when possible.
The 72 remaining subjects had the appointment, of which 66 attended. To these were
provided clarification on the purpose and methodology of research and then were subjected
to evaluations after agreeing with the procedures and signed an informed consent.
In the consultation, it was found that one of the patients after ear surgery had improvement
of their hearing thresholds, with the new configuration of hearing loss characterized
as moderately severe, 2 patients did not use the equipment, 2 had neurological abnormalities
and 5 had the appliances sent for repair - facts that interfere with data collection
and were therefore excluded from the study.
Thus, 56 subjects who met all inclusion criteria comprised the sample.
Procedures
Patients underwent an interview, which was used to select the sample and contains
questions, especially about the prosthesis, the effective use of hearing aids and
quality.
Already a measure of satisfaction with the hearing aid in daily life was conducted
using the questionnaire Satisfaction With Amplification in Daily Life - SADL[10], comprising a total of 15 questions.
For each question, there are seven alternatives, scaled 1-7 points awarded to the
response, which indicates “no little” to “extremely” satisfy. Thus, the test quantifies
satisfaction by a score of four subscales:
The subscale of “Positive Effects” is composed of six items covering issues related
to communicative ability, location and sound quality, and addressing psychological
issues because of the “Negative Factors” for three items related to performance in
noisy environments, feedback and telephone use, created as a “thermometer” of the
problems of adaptation.
There is also a subscale of the Services and Costs, “with three items related to professional
competence, product price and quality of the apparatus and on the” Personal Image
“, which are included three items related to aesthetic factors and the stigma of using
prosthesis hearing.
Whereas the sample group consists of patients using the Unified Health System and,
therefore, had donated the equipment, the issue related to the price of the product
was not applied.
Although the original proposal suggests that the questionnaire should be answered
by the patient, the researchers performed reading aloud and recording of responses
to the instrument used, in order to minimize the difficulties of understanding the
questions related to the degree of hearing loss.
Data analysis
Data analysis was performed according to the values established by the original study[10], which guided the present analysis.
Therefore, to calculate the overall score of SADL, took the arithmetic mean between
the values assigned to answers in 14 questions applied to 56 patients - seven being
the highest score, indicating greater satisfaction. For the score of each subscale,
the mean value calculated was performed with the score for the answers to the questions
that comprise each subscale.
In order to improve understanding of the data used, are presented in [Table 1] the values found by the authors of the questionnaire to the interpretation of their
results.
Table 1.
Values of mean, 20th and 80th percentile for overall scores and each subscale of the
Satisfaction with Amplification in Daily Life[10].
|
Score
|
Average
|
20° Percentile
|
80° Percentile
|
|
Global
|
4,9
|
4,3
|
5,6
|
|
Positive effects
|
4,9
|
3,8
|
6,1
|
|
Negatives factors
|
3,6
|
2,3
|
5,0
|
|
Personal image
|
5,6
|
5,0
|
6,7
|
|
Services and Costs
|
4,7
|
4,0
|
5,7
|
If the scores fall below the 20th percentile is indicative of users 'dissatisfied',
while that between the 20th and 80th percentile, patients were “satisfied” and above
the 80th percentile value, “very satisfied”.
Were also calculated arithmetic means of all individuals in each of the issues and
conducted a descriptive analysis of data, emphasizing the issues that resulted in
the highest and lowest averages.
Results
We evaluated 56 patients, 23 men (41.1%) and 33 women (58.9%) aged between 18 and
86 years (mean 52.5 years). Results are presented below, in the form of tables showing
the distribution of patients according to different variables. These, taken from the
data of anamnesis and SADL ([Tables 2], [3] and [4]).
Table 2.
Distribution of patients according to the variable degree of hearing loss, separated
by ear.
|
Right ear
|
Left ear
|
|
Hearing loss degree
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
|
Severe
|
32
|
57,1
|
31
|
55,3
|
|
Deep
|
24
|
42,9
|
25
|
44,7
|
|
Total
|
56
|
100
|
56
|
100
|
Table 3.
Distribution of patients according to the variable of time of daily use of the HA.
|
Hours
|
N
|
%
|
|
Between 4 and 8
|
7
|
12,5
|
|
More than 8
|
49
|
87,5
|
|
Total
|
56
|
100
|
Table 4.
Introducing the average value of Global Score and averages per subscale and issues
of questionnaire Satisfaction with Amplification in Daily Life[10].
|
Global Score
|
5.77
|
|
Subscale 'Positive Effects'
|
6.15
|
|
Help of hearing aids in understanding speech
|
6.43
|
|
Conviction that the adaptation of hearing aids was your best option
|
6.84
|
|
Reducing the need for repeat speech intelligibility
|
5.73
|
|
Compensation of the problem with the use of appliances auditory
|
5.98
|
|
Increased self-confidence with the use of appliances auditory
|
6.53
|
|
Naturalness of the sound received with the use of Hearing Aids
|
5.4
|
|
Subscale 'Negative Factors'
|
5.08
|
|
Frustration with environmental noise pickup
|
5.45
|
|
Occurrence of feedback with increasing volume
|
6.2
|
|
Of hearing aid use on the phone
|
3.61
|
|
Subscale 'Personal Image'
|
5.53
|
|
Perception of hearing loss by others, following the use of hearing aids
|
5.21
|
|
Satisfaction with the appearance of hearing aids
|
5.16
|
|
Feeling menosvalia by the use of hearing aids
|
6.23
|
|
Subscale 'Services and Costs'
|
6.01
|
|
Competence of service professionals
|
6.66
|
|
Satisfaction with the quality of hearing aids
|
5.36
|
Discussion
The predominant sex of the patients was female, as in the study (16.18 to 19) who
investigated the satisfaction of hearing aid users. Generally speaking, there is a
consensus regarding the major hearing impairment in men than in women[20]
[21], however, on the part of man towards the woman, little demand for health services[22]
[23]
[24], which is presented as a justification for more women in research studies deafness.
The age of studied subjects was very diverse and well distributed, since the average
age of all of them were pretty rough that would result between the minimum and maximum
age of tested and that were distributed as follows: 21 adults, 15 middle-aged 20 and
older.
Not found in the literature that proposes to specifically assess the satisfaction
of hearing aid users with hearing losses of severe and profound. In the surveys found,
most evaluates individuals with hearing losses of mild to moderate; including some
of the severe and only one of these studies[15] added 2.5% of patients with profound hearing loss.
Regarding the time of prosthesis use most of the patients using sound amplification
for more than eight hours daily, which means that the individual spends most of the
day using the prosthesis, or use during periods longer be subject to communication
situations. This is a considerable time because of 24 hours a day, about eight hours
spent sleeping, the remaining 16 hours, of which at least eight in use is being made
by the majority, which shows that hearing aids are an integral part of day- to-day
lives of these individuals.
The average final score in global SADL was 5.77, higher than those found in studies[12]
[15]
[16], who obtained values of 5.05, 5.28 and 5.5 and higher still for mean and 80th percentile
of the original study[10], revealing very satisfied patients.
One researcher[15] said in its study that the high rate of satisfaction of its subjects could be explained
by the fact that most of them showed normal tone average or mild to moderate and hypothesized
that the performance of hearing aids is worse in cases hearing loss more severe. However,
in this study all patients were suffering from hearing loss, severe and profound and
the average overall score was higher - 5.77 - to the study referred to - 5.28.
The Positive Effects subscale had the highest average - 6.15, than those found in
studies[12]
[15]
[16], which scored 4.99, 5.66, and 5.87, and than the average and 80th percentile found
in original research[10]. This was the subscale with the highest score, and compared to the original study,
shows great satisfaction in this important item to check the sound quality and improved
communication.
In the subscale of negative factors, other studies[12]
[15]
[16] found averages of 4.5, 4.18 and 5.2 - more than just this of this study - 5.08.
As in all other studies, this was the subscale with the lowest score, as it assesses
aspects as problems in adaptation. Still, users evaluated in this study are very satisfied,
compared to the results of original research of SADL[10] and obtained average above the 80th percentile. Two current problems in research
conducted with the questionnaire are: the use of telephone (confirmed in this study)
and uncomfortable with environmental noises (possibly the auditory characteristics
of the patients showed no influence on the fall of the score, as they often do not
listen and when they do not bother them or even like).
The subscale that assesses the Personal Image had an average of 5.53, consistent with
the averages found in other studies[10]
[12]
[15]
[16] and indicates satisfaction for this group of questions that address the stigma of
hearing aids.
Already subscale Services and Costs was applied to individuals of studies[12]
[15], which had averaged 4.94 and 5.61 - lower than found in this study - 6.01. This
score is above the 80th percentile of original research[10] and indicates a lot of satisfaction in the item. In evaluating these aspects deleted
the question regarding the cost of hearing aids - as individuals in the study benefited
from the grant program hearing aids - which possibly together in contentment with
the service received and the low need for repairs, helped increase in this average.
Some test questions are worth mentioning, as they stood in raising the overall score:
the question it addresses is “the purchase of the equipment was the best option” had
the highest average - 6.84. Also resulted in high average questions concerning the
competence of professionals who attended the user - 6.66, an increase in confidence
with the use of hearing aids - 6.53, the aid that gives the user the prosthesis for
speech understanding - 6, 43, could not feel less need for the use of hearing aids
- 6.23 and the lack of feedback when the volume is increased - 6.2.
Like mentioned earlier, which raised the average, one should pay attention to the
issue that concerns the use of the phone, because this was only shown a low score
- 3.61.
The high average for the question that addresses whether the hearing was the best
option for the user - 6.84 - reflects the high level of satisfaction of individuals
surveyed. In this case, the large hearing impairment may just be the reason for the
high rate, since during the questionnaire, comments like “I really like, I can not
live without my phone” were frequent. That is, these users are so dependent on hearing
aids - and hear so little without it - meaning that the benefit is extremely large.
So it may be supposed a relationship between satisfaction and dependence on the hearing
aid user.
The question of the competence of personnel service also achieved a high score - 6.66.
It is noteworthy that the researcher applied the questionnaire is not the same responsible
for the prosthesis of the patient, thus leaving him free to any settings on the actual
conditions of service. We know that hearing aids have a high cost and the possibility
of hearing impaired receive your free of charge, to exercise function in this high
rate. The extreme gratitude shown by the users, besides the good performance of employees,
appears to influence the score and be closely linked to the fact that they were benefited
by the program of granting of prostheses, since there have been several reports, such
as “I will not bother” and “ thank you, here you are very helpful, nor is SUS. “
The high degree of confidence regarding the increase in the use of hearing aids -
6.53 - shows how much the sound amplification is important for these patients.
This can be seen also by examining the high score - 6.23 - to the question “Do you
think using the device makes you feel less capable?”. Patients reacted with surprise
to this question and responded by stating that “not, however, with it is that I feel
more able” or “no he is not listening and I could not talk to people.” Confidence
and performance of them in conversation, demonstrated through the high satisfaction
in other questions, makes us realize and understand how really feel more empowered.
The individual with hearing loss, particularly in more severe degrees, is usually
affected by psychosocial impairments - use the prosthesis, able to communicate and
feel inserted / reinserted in society makes him feel more capable.
The average for the aid they give the user the prostheses for speech understanding
- 6.43 - shows how much they help and allow us to understand this. Whereas hearing
loss of the patients, this result also refers to the confidence gained by users with
the use of hearing aids, as much as is often the implants do not give as large a gain
to the point where users listen to the speech, in association with visual cues, consider
it a great help by leaving them more confident to talk.
Most users reported no feedback when the volume is increased, which led to the high
score of 6.2 for the question measuring this aspect. However, because they are affected
by hearing losses of severe and profound, often the feedback is to increase the volume
- as seen during the consultations - but they do not hear the beep.
As mentioned, the question regarding the assistance that the hearing aid gives the
user in using the phone had a low rate - 3.61 - as well as in research (from 10.12
to 14.16), that this was the item less satisfaction.
As researchers[12] reported the use of the phone is a status hearing in which the technological limitations
of hearing aids are highlighted.
In this case, it is noteworthy that in patients with hearing losses of severe and
profound, has been as an aggravating factor the need for great sound amplification,
and loss of visual clues, which is much used by them, further complicates the use
of phone.
Furthermore, one should also note that, when approaching the phone of the prosthesis,
feedback can occur. Aside from that, in general, but more often in the elderly, there
is a difficulty with placing the phone in the correct position next to the microphone
of the prosthesis, which in the case of BTE, is above the ear, or near where the signal
from the telecoil will be more active, as well as the limitation of systems that must
be compatible with the phone and telecoil for signal transmission takes place in a
satisfactory manner.
Thus, training and reorientation, especially in positioning the phone into the microphone
of the hearing aid and the improvement in performance using the telecoil in this situation,
must be strengthened in these patients.
Conclusion
The present study demonstrated the high degree of satisfaction among adults and elderly
hearing aid users with hearing loss severe and deep, fitted with hearing aids through
a grant program hearing aid.
While there is no dissatisfaction, the problem was perceived in relation to the performance
of individuals in situations of phone use, which in the case of assessed combines
some variables: degree of hearing loss, incompatibility of systems between phone and
telecoil and difficulty in positioning the phone conversation. So there is need for
training to remedy this and other difficulties that might arise in the process of
adaptation.
The sharp of hearing loss evaluated contributes to a hearing aid is an integral part
of your day to day and essential aid in communication. Thus, they believe this to
be the best option to reduce their difficulties and are satisfied with the choice,
which makes them feel more capable.
