Download PDF
Thromb Haemost 2009; 101(05): 802-805
DOI: 10.1160/TH09-02-0106
Editorial Focus
Schattauer GmbH

Female gender is a risk factor for stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation patients

Deirdre A. Lane
1   University Department of Medicine, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
,
Gregory Y. H. Lip
1   University Department of Medicine, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Received: 19 February 2009

Accepted: 19 February 2009

Publication Date:
24 November 2017 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

 

 

  • References

  • 1 Lip GYH. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, stroke risk and thromboprophylaxis. Thromb Haemost 2008; 100: 11-13.
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Hughes M, Lip GYH. on behalf of the Guideline Development Group for the NICE national clinical guideline for management of atrial fibrillation in primary and secondary care. Stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: A systematic review of stroke risk factors, risk stratification schema and cost effectiveness data. Thromb Haemost 2008; 100: 295-304.
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Lloyd-Jones DM, Wang TJ, Leip EP. et al. Lifetime risk for development of atrial fibrillation: The Framing-ham Study. Circulation 2004; 110: 1042-1046.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Heeringa J, van der Kuip DAM, Hofman A. et al. Prevalence, incidence and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation: The Rotterdam study. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 949-953.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Feinberg WM, Blackshear JL, Laupacis A. et al. Prevalence, age distribution, and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 469-473.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Fang MC, Singer DE, Chang Y. et al. Gender differences in the risk of ischaemic stroke and peripheral embolism in atrial fibrillation: The AnTicoagulation and Risk factors in Atrial fibrillation (ATRIA) study. Circulation 2005; 112: 1687-1691.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Atrial Fibrillation Investigators.. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation analysis of pooled data from five randomised clinical trials. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 1949-1957.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 The SPAF III Writing Committee for the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators.. Patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at low risk of stroke during treatment with aspirin. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III Study. J Am Med Assoc 1998; 279: 1273-1277.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Hart RG, Pearce LA, McBride R. et al. Factors associated with ischaemic stroke during aspirin therapy in atrial fibrillation: analysis of 2012 participants in the SPAF I-III clinical trials. The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation (SPAF) Investigators. Stroke 1999; 30: 1223-1229.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Humphries K, Kerr CR, Connolly SJ. et al. New-onset atrial fibrillation: sex difference in presentation, treatment, and outcome. Circulation 2001; 103: 2365-2370.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Friberg J, Scharling H, Gadsbøll N. et al. Comparison of the impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of stroke and cardiovascular death in women versus men (the Copenhagen Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 2004; 94: 889-894.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Dagres N, Nieuwlaat R, Vardas PE. et al. Gender-related differences in presentation, treatment, and outcome of patients with atrial fibrillation in Europe. A report from the Euro Heart Survey on atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 572-577.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Wang TJ, Massaro JM, Levy D. et al. A risk score for predicting stroke or death in individuals with new-onset atrial fibrillation in the community. The Framing-ham Heart Study. J Am Med Assoc 2003; 290: 1049-1056.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Gomberg-Maitland M, Wenger NK, Feyzi J. et al. Anticoagulation in women with non-valvular atrial fibrillation in the stroke prevention using an oral thrombin inhibitor (SPORTIF) trials. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 1947-1953.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Towfighi A, Saver JL, Engelhardt R. et al. A midlife stroke surge among women in the United States. Neurology 2007; 69: 1894-1895.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Arima H, Hart RG, Colman S. et al. Perindopril-based blood pressure lowering reduces major vascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation and prior stroke or TIA. Stroke 2005; 36: 2164-2169.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Benjamin EJ, D’Agostino RB, Belanger AJ. et al. Left atrial size and the risk of stroke and death: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1995; 92: 835-841.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Conway DS, Heeringa J, van der Kuip DA. et al. Atrial fibrillation and the prothrombotic state in the elderly: the Rotterdam study. Stroke 2003; 34: 413-417.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hendrix SL, Limacher M. et al. Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in post-menopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative: a randomised trial. J Am Med Assoc 2003; 289: 2673-2684.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA. et al. Implications of stroke risk criteria on the anticoagulation decision in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: the AnTicoagulation and Risk factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) study. Circulation 2000; 102: 11-13.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Vasishta S, Toor F, Johansen A. et al. Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: physicians’ attitudes to anticoagulation in older people. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2001; 33: 219-226.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Gage BF, Boechler M, Doggette AL. et al. Adverse outcomes and predictors of underuse of antithrombotic therapy in medicare beneficiaries with chronic atrial fibrillation. Stroke 2000; 31: 822-827.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Go AS, Hylek EM, Borowsky LH. et al. Warfarin use among ambulatory patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: the AnTicoagulation and Risk factors in Atrial fibrillation (ATRIA) study. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131: 927-934.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Sudlow M, Thomson R, Thwaites B. et al. Prevalence of atrial fibrillation and eligibility for anticoagulants in the community. Lancet 1998; 352: 1167-1171.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: Antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146: 857-867.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Poli D, Antonucci E, Grifoni E. et al. Gender differences in stroke risk of atrial fibrillation patients on oral anticoagulant treatment. Thromb Haemost 2009; 101: 938-942.
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 van Walraven C, Jennings A, Oake N. et al. Effect of study setting on anticoagulation control: A systematic review and meta-regression. Chest 2006; 129: 1155-1166.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Hylek EM, Go AS, Chang Y. et al. Effect of intensity of oral anticoagulation on stroke severity and mortality. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1019-1026.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Levine MN, Raskob G, Beyth RJ. et al. Haemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant treatment: The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 2004; 126 (Suppl. 03) 287S-310S.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Tay KH, Lane DA, Lip GYH. Bleeding risks with combinations of oral anticoagulation plus antiplatelet therapy: is clopidogrel any safer than aspirin when combined with warfarin?. Thromb Haemost 2009; 101: 415-416.
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Pengo V, Legnani C, Noventa F. et al. Oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and risk of bleeding. A multicenter inception cohort study. Thromb Haemost 2001; 85: 418-422.
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators.. Risk factors for thromboembolism during aspirin therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation: The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 1995; 05: 147-157.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS. et al. ACC/AHA/ ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation- executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of patients with Atrial Fibrillation) developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 1979-2030.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar